Italian mathematician and priest. (1825-1888)

German writer, born about 1441 at Zurich, of a famous family commonly known as Schmid; died in 1502 at Ulm, Germany.

Oratorian and devotional writer. (1814-1863)

Theologian. (1478-1541)

Controversialist and preacher. (1504-1558)

Theologian, born at Fribourg, Switzerland, c. 1470; died about 1531.

Writer and preacher, born at Altomünster, Germany, 24 February, 1586; died at Tyrnau, 26 April 1653.

Theologian, philosopher and noted commentator of Duns Scotus. (1564-1630)

Pope (236-250), the circumstances of whose election is related by Eusebius (Hist. Eccl., VI, 29).

A Roman matron of rank, died 27 December, 399 or 400.

Second Superior General of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate. (1824-1892)

Jesuit, theologian, b. about 1607 in the Department of Ain, France; d. at Rome, 8 March, 1688.

Fabriano, a city in the province of Macerata, Central Italy, is noted for its paper manufactories and its trade in salted fish. The town of Matelica possesses some ancient inscriptions. A Roman colony was established there in 89 B.C.

Latin term, meaning, etymologically, the construction of a church, but in a broader sense the funds necessary for such construction.

Italian anatomist and surgeon. 1537-1619)

English chronicler, died 28 February, 1513.

The face or front of any building. In ecclesiastical architecture the term is generally used to designate the west front; sometimes the transept fronts.

Lexicographer and philologist. (1682-1769)

Any fact connected with a dogma and on which the application of the dogma to a particular case depends.

Article covers the meaning and classification.

In law, a faculty is the authority, privilege, or permission, to perform an act or function.

A sixth-century Christian author, Bishop of Hermiane in Africa, about whose career very little is known.

Diocese in the province of Ravenna (Central Italy), suffragan of Ravenna.

Canonist, b. in Italy, place and date of birth uncertain; d. in 1678.

Mathematician. (1682-1766)

Historian. (1800-1870)

In the Old Testament, the Hebrew word means essentially steadfastness. As signifying man's attitude towards God it means trustfulness or fiducia.

The names of two groups of Roman martyrs around whom a considerable amount of legendary lore has gathered.

The word rule (Lat. regula, Gr. kanon) means a standard by which something can be tested, and the rule of faith means something extrinsic to our faith, and serving as its norm or measure.

Those who have bound themselves to a religious association, whose doctrine they accept, and into whose rites they have been initiated. Among Christians the term is applied to those who have been fully initiated by baptism and, regularly speaking, by confirmation.

Painter, b. at Valencia of an ancient noble family in 1641; d. 14 May, 1711.

A movable folding chair used in pontifical functions by the bishop outside of his cathedral, or within it if he is not at his throne or cathedra.

Surgeon and missionary. (1707-1784)

A suffragan see of the Province of Boston; comprises the counties of Bristol, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket, with the towns of Marion, Mattapoisett and Wareham in Plymouth county, Massachusetts.

Anatomist. (1523-1562)

Frédéric Alfred Pierre. (1811-1885)

A name given to certain apocryphal papal letters contained in a collection of canon laws composed about the middle of the ninth century by an author who uses the pseudonym of Isidore Mercator, in the opening preface to the collection.

A perversion of truth originating in the deceitfulness of one party, and culminating in the damage of another party.

A titular see in the Island of Cyprus.

Strictly speaking, seculars subject to a master's authority and maintained at his expense. In canon law the term usually signifies seculars residing in monasteries and other religious houses, actually employed therein as servants and subject to the authority of the regular prelate to the same extent as servants are subject to their masters.

In the classical Roman period the familia rarely included the parents or the children. Its English derivative was frequently used in former times to describe all the persons of the domestic circle, parents, children, and servants. Present usage, however, excludes servants.

Located in Italy.

Shoulder-cape worn by the pope.

Canadian bishop. (1823-1890)

A legend in the "Chronicon Farfense" relates the foundation of a monastery at Farfa in the time of the Emperors Julian, or Gratian, by the Syrian St. Laurentius, who had come to Rome with his sister, Susannah, and had been made Bishop of Spoleto.

Diocese; suffragan of St. Paul, U.S.A.

Canadian archaeologist. (1789-1866)

Early settler in Minnesota. (1774-1860)

Italian painter. (1524-1606)

English martyr; b. probably at Faringdon, Berkshire, date unknown; d. at Reading, 15 November, 1539.

Ecclesiastical historian. (1690-1773)

Cardinal. (1520-1589)

A suffragan of Evora, Portugal, and extending over the province of Algarve.

A group of Danish islands rising from the sea some four hundred miles west of Norway and almost as far south of Iceland.

Abstinence from food or drink.

The view which holds that all events in the history of the world, and, in particular, the actions and incidents which make up the story of each individual life, are determined by fate.

Lat. fatum, from fari, to tell or predict.

A congregation of missionary priests first established at Lyons, France, in 1808, and later at Paris, in 1814, and finally approved by Pope Gregory XVI, 18 February, 1834.

The word Father is used in the New Testament to mean a teacher of spiritual things, by whose means the soul of man is born again into the likeness of Christ:

Christian writers of the first and second centuries who are known, or are considered, to have had personal relations with some of the Apostles, or to have been so influenced by them that their writings may be held as echoes of genuine Apostolic teaching.

Jesuit theologian. (1554-1590)

French historian. (1772-1844)

Roman martyrs.

Bishop of Riez in Southern Gaul, the best known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism, b. between 405 and 410, d. between 490 and 495.

A former Benedictine monastery of the Cluniac Congregation situated in the County of Kent about nine miles west of Canterbury. It was founded about 1147 by King Stephen and Queen Matilda.

Astronomer. (1814-1902)

A mental disturbance caused by the perception of instant or future danger.

Viewed from the moral standpoint, that is, in so far as it is a factor to be reckoned with in pronouncing upon the freedom of human acts, as well as offering an adequate excuse for failing to comply with positive law, particularly if the law be of human origin.

A celebration marked by much license and buffoonery, which in many parts of Europe, and particularly in France, during the later middle ages took place every year on or about the feast of the Circumcision (1 Jan.).

Feast Days, or Holy Days, are days which are celebrated in commemoration of the sacred mysteries and events recorded in the history of our redemption, in memory of the Virgin Mother of Christ, or of His apostles, martyrs, and saints, by special services and rest from work.

The politico-ecclesiastical system outlined by Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, Auxiliary Bishop of Trier, under the pseudonym Justinus Febronius.

Last Abbot of Westminster, and confessor of the Faith; b. in Feckenham Forest, Worcestershire, in 1515(?); d. at Wisbech Castle, 16 Oct., 1585.

German theologian. (1753-1824)

English convert. (1823-1892)

Theologian and Scripture scholar. (1777-1831)

German Augustinian. (1724-1788)

Suffered martyrdom about 304 in the Diocletian persecution.

Founded 21 November, 1855, at Warsaw, Poland, by Mother Mary Angela.

Third-century schismatic.

Martyrs, suffered at Carthage, 7 March 203, together with three companions, Revocatus, Saturus, and Saturninus.

Roman martyr.

Roman martyrs. (d. 303)

Reigned 269-274.

Pope (more properly Antipope), 355-358; d. 22 Nov., 365.

Reigned 483-492.

Reigned 526-530.

A Capuchin friar, b. at Cantalice, on the north-western border of the Abruzzi; d. at Rome, 18 May, 1587.

Born at Nola, near Naples, and lived in the third century. After his father's death he distributed almost all his goods amongst the poor, and was ordained priest by Maximum Bishop of Nola.

Born in 1127; d. at Cerfroi, 4 November, 1212. He is commemorated 20 November.

Regnal name of Amadeus of Savoy, Antipope (1440-1449). (1383-1451)

French Jesuit, b. at Neuville-sur-l' Escaut (Nord), 28 June 1810; d. at Lille, 7 July, 1891.

An author and apologist, b at Brussels 18 August, 1735; d. at Ratisbon 22 May, 1802.

Born in Oberdorf, Allgau, Bavaria, 9 Feb., 1751; died 12 Oct., 1812. He studied at Kaufbeuren and in the Jesuit gymnasium at Augsburg, and in 1770 entered the Society of Jesus, at Landsberg, Bavaria.

French bishop and author, b. in the Château de Fénelon in Périgord (Dordogne), 6 August, 1651; d. at Cambrai, 7 January, 1715.

Born at Montacute near Wells in Somersetshire; d. 27 Dec., 1615. He was the eldest brother of Ven. James Fenn, the martyr, and Robert Fenn, the confessor.

A Friar Minor and controversialist, born at Herborn, Germany, in 1485; died at Toulouse, 15 April, 1534.

Emperor, eldest son of Archduke Karl and the Bavarian Princess Maria, b. 1578; d. 15 February, 1637.

King of Leon and Castile, member of the Third Order of St. Francis, born in 1198 near Salamanca; died at Seville, 30 May, 1252.

Prince of Portugal, b. in Portugal, 29 September, 1402; d. at Fez, in Morocco, 5 June, 1443.

Italian geographer and naturalist, b. at Bologna 10 July, 1658; d. at Bologna 1 Nov., 1730.

In the province of Rome, immediately subject to the Holy See.

St. Fergus Cruithneach, St. Fergus, Bishop of Duleek, and St. Fergus, Bishop of Downpatrick.

A day on which the people, especially the slaves, were not obliged to work, and on which there were no court sessions.

A French Canadian historian, b. at Montreal, 25 December, 1805; d. at Quebec, 11 January, 1865.

In the province of Ascoli Piceno (Central Italy).

A Spanish conqueror and historian; b. at Palencia in the early part of the sixteenth century.

A Jesuit missionary; b. at Lisbon, c. 1569; d. at Goa, 12 November, 1642.

A Jesuit lay brother and missionary; b. at Cordova; d. 12 June, 1567, in Japan.

Diocese in the province of Leinster (Ireland), suffragan of Dublin.

Archdiocese immediately subject to the Holy See.

An Italian painter and the greatest master of the Piedmontese School, b. at Valduggia, near Novara. Italy, c. 1470: d. at Milan, 31 January, 1546.

An eighteenth-century canonist of the Franciscan Order.

Theologian. (d. 1682)

A poet, important both for his lyric and his dramatic compositions, b. at Lisbon, Portugal, in 1528; d. there of the plague in 1569.

A Spanish missionary and explorer; b. at Valencia, in 1570; d. at San José, Peru, in 1611.

Dominican missionary. (1350-1419)

Situated in the Diocese of Orléans, department of Loiret, and arrondissement of Montargis.

Architect; with Hansen and Schmidt, the creator of modern Vienna; b. 7 July, 1828, at Vienna; d. at Grinzing, near Vienna, 14 July, 1883.

Cardinal, b. at Ajaccio, Corsica, 3 January, 1763; d. at Rome, 13 May, 1839.

Bishop of St. Polten in Austria and secretary of the Vatican Council; b. 2 December, 1813, at Lochau near Bregenz in the Vorarlberg; d. 25 April, 1872.

Italian painter; born at Rome, 1589; died at Venice, 1624.

The word fetish is derived through the Portuguese feitiço from the Latin factitius (facere, to do, or to make), signifying made by art, artificial (cf. Old English fetys in Chaucer).

Franciscan, theologian, preacher of the Ligue, b. at Coutanees, Normandy, in 1539; d. at Paris, 1 Jan., 1610.

An Austrian poet, philosopher, and physician; born at Vienna, 29 April, 1806; died 3 September, 1849.

The source of feudalism rises from an intermingling of barbarian usage and Roman law.

The Cistercians who, about 1145, founded an abbey in a shady valley in the Diocese of Rieux (now Toulouse) named it Fuliens, later Les Feuillans or Notre-Dame des Feuillans.

Geographer, b. at Mane near Forcalquier, France, in 1660; d. at Marseilles in 1732.

French novelist. (1817-1887)

Spanish writer. (1676-1764)

Irish bishop. (415-520)

Abbot, born in Ireland about the end of the sixth century; died 18 August, 670.

Philosopher, philologist, and physician. (1433-1499)

Historian, b. at Paderborn, Germany, 30 April, 1826; d. at Innsbruck, 10 June, 1902.

A philosophical term meaning a system of philosophy or an attitude of mind, which, denying the power of unaided human reason to reach certitude, affirms that the fundamental act of human knowledge consists in an act of faith, and the supreme criterion of certitude is authority.

Capuchin martyr.

Diocese in the province of Tuscany, suffragan of Florence.

A celebrated Spanish poet, surnamed "the Divine", b. at Alcalá de Henares, c. 1540, d. there, 1620.

Franciscan, b. in the latter part of the eighteenth century at Toluca, in the Archdiocese of Mexico; date of death unknown.

Comprising the islands belonging to the Fiji Archipelago.

English martyr. (d. 1582)

A humanist, b. at Tolentino, 25 July, 1398; d. at Florence 31 July, 1481.

A church to which is annexed the cure of souls, but which remains dependent on another church.

Lyric poet; born at Florence, 30 December, 1642; died there 24 September, 1707.

It expresses the Procession of the Holy Ghost from both Father and Son as one Principle; and, it was the occasion of the Greek schism.

French cardinal, canonist, humanist, and geographer. (1348-1428)

Jesuit moralist. (1566-1622)

An Italian humanist, philosopher, and theologian, b. at Siena about the year 1525; supposed to have d. at Florence c. 1590.

Second Bishop of Lindisfarne; died 9 February, 661.

Bishop and patron of Cork, Ireland. (550-623)

A martyr, b. about 1548; d. 20 April, 1584.

An English martyr; b. at Barnby, near Howden, Yorkshire; executed at York, 8 August, 1586.

As of the time of this article, a department or province of the Russian Empire; bounded on the north by Norway, on the west by Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia, on the south by the Gulf of Finland.

Founder of a famous school about the year 540.

Italian-American Jesuit in Colorado. (1817-1879)

A Leinster saint, b. about 524; d. 17 February, probably 594.

Little Flowers of Francis of Assisi, the name given to a classic collection of popular legends about the life of St. Francis of Assisi and his early companions as they appeared to the Italian people at the beginning of the fourteenth century.

One of the most expressive and most ancient of liturgical symbols.

The notion that the sky was a vast solid dome seems to have been common among the ancient peoples.

Christian author of the fourth century.

Bishop of Cæsarea in Cappadocia, died c. 269.

The word, though casually taken in Holy Writ in a metaphorical sense, is most generally used by the sacred writers to designate the first male child in a family.

First-fruit offerings are designated in the Law by a threefold name: Bíkkûrîm, Reshîth, and Terûmôth.

The duties of the fiscal procurator consist in preventing crime and safeguarding ecclesiastical law.

Cardinal-Archbishop of Cologne. (1840-1912)

The symbol itself may have been suggested by the miraculous multification of the loaves and fishes or the repast of the seven Disciples, after the Resurrection, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, but its popularity among Christians was due principally, to the famous acrostic consisting of the initial letters of five Greek words forming the word for fish (Ichthys), which words briefly but clearly described the character of Christ and His claim to the worship of believers: Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter, i.e. Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.

Missionary, b. in Madrid, 1595-6; d. in Maryland, U. S., 1652.

The earliest mention of the Fisherman's ring worn by the popes is in a letter of Clement IV written in 1265 to his nephew, Peter Grossi. The writer states that popes were then accustomed to seal their private letters with "the seal of the Fisherman", whereas public documents, he adds, were distinguished by the leaden "bulls" attached.

Born in Worcestershire, England, 1628; died at St. Thomas' Priory, near Stafford, 6 Feb., 1700.

Missionary, b. at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 10 April, 1805; d. there, 15 Sept., 1881.

American merchant, b. in Ireland, 1741; d. at Philadelphia, U.S.A., 26 Aug., 1811.

Twelfth Earl of Arundel, b. about 1511; d. in London, 24 Feb., 1580.

Sister Irene, born in London, England, 12 May, 1823; died in New York, 14 August, 1896.

Judge, b. in 1470; d. 27 May, 1538.

Wife of King George IV; b. 26 July, 1756 (place uncertain); d. at Brighton, England, 29 March, 1837.

Born 1552, at Swynnerton, Staffs, England; died 17 Aug., 1640, at Rome.

Historian, b. in Dublin, Ireland, 31 Aug., 1830; d. there 24 Dec., 1895.

Archbishop of Armagh, b. at Dundalk, Ireland, about 1295; d. at Avignon, 16 Dec., 1360.

Irish Jesuit. (1566-1643)

Astromomer. (1721-1791)

Physicist. (1819-1896)

A fan made of leather, silk, parchment, or feathers intended to keep away insects from the Sacred Species and from the priest.

Empress, wife of Theodosius the Great, died c. A. D. 385 or 386.

A fanatical and heretical sect that flourished in the thirteenth and succeeding centuries.

Includes history and its use in scripture.

First Bishop of Bardstown (subsequently of Louisville), Kentucky, U.S.A. (1763-1850)

Canon of Birmingham Diocese. Born in England in 1814, though Irish by descent; died at Kidderminster, 21 July, 1865.

Designated in the eighth century a small territory around Bruges; it became later the name of the country bounded by the North Sea, the Scheldt, and the Canche.

French painter. (1809-1864)

A name used in both Americas, without special ethnologic significance, to designate tribes practising the custom of compressing the skull in infancy by artificial means.

An English priest and martyr; b. probably c. 1580 at Weston, Yorkshire, England; d. at York, 21 March, 1607.

A Christian Roman matron of the imperial family who lived towards the close of the first century.

Bishop of Constantinople, date of birth unknown; d. at Hypaepa in Lydia, August, 449.

A titular see of Cilicia Secunda.

Benedictine abbey in the Diocese of Dijon, the department of Côte-d'Or, and arroundissement of Semur.

A titular see in the province of Honorias.

Bishop; b. at Pernes, France, 1632; died at Montpellier, 1710.

Painter, b. at Liège, Flanders, in 1614; d. there in 1675.

Franciscan friar b. at Lagan, Couny Louth, Ireland, 17April, 1599; d. 7 November, 1631.

Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford; b. about 1360; d. at Sleaford, 25 Jan., 1431.

Archbishop of Dublin, son of the Baron of Slane. (1593-1665)

A missionary and theologian; d. about 1848.

An Augustinian hermit friar, a contemporary and great friend of St. Catherine of Siena; the exact place and date of his birth are unknown and those of his death are disputed.

French novelist, b. at Saint-Brieuc, 12 September, 1829; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1890.

One of the oldest and most celebrated Benedictine abbeys of Western Europe. Its modern name is Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, applicable both to the monastery and the township with which the abbey has always been associated.

Chaplain to Maria Theresa and Louis XIV. (1653-1742)

French historian and chronicler, b. at Epernay in 894; d. in 966.

Situated on the Sambre, about seven miles southwest of Namur, Belgium, owes its foundation to Godfrey, Count of Namur, and his wife Ermensendis.

Located in the province of Tuscany (Central Italy).

English chronicler, died in 1118.

The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council was the continuation of the Council of Ferrara.

Virgin; born towards the middle of the sixth century; died about 612.

Spanish theologian, archeologist, and historian; born at Valladolid, 14 February, 1701; died at Madrid, 20 August, 1773.

Writer, born at the château of Florian (Gard), 6 March, 1755; died at Sceaux, 13 September, 1794.

An independent order, and not, as some consider, a branch of the Cistercians; it was founded in 1189 by the Abbot Joachim of Flora.

The Peninsular or Everglade State, the most southern in the American Union and second largest east of the Mississippi.

Systematic collections of excerpts (more or less copious) from the works of the Fathers and other ecclesiastical writers of the early period, compiled with a view to serve dogmatic or ethical purposes.

A deacon of Lyons, ecclesiastical writer in the first half of the ninth century.

English missionary. (1572-1649)

Archdiocese in Hungary, of the Greek-Rumanian Rite.

Diocese in the province of the same name in Apulia (Southern Italy).

Represented in iconography with a crown at his feet to show that he despised the honours of the world. He was born in Ireland early in the seventh century and was the brother of Saints Ultan and Fursey.

Italian poet. (1496-1544)

English Jesuit lay brother. (1811-1891)

Diocese in the province of Perugia, Italy, immediately subject to the Holy See.

Bishop of London, b. early in the twelfth century.

Located in England.

Friar Minor and ascetical writer. (1631-1682)

Friar Minor; b. at Evora, 3 Dec., 1690; d. at Porto, 16 June, 1752.

A philosopher and theologian, born at Cortizada, Portugal, 1528; died at Lisbon, 4 Nov., 1599.

An architect and writer; b. at Bruciato, near Como, 1634; d. at Rome, 1714.

A Roman architect of the Late Renaissance, b. at Merli on the Lake of Lugano, 1543; d. at Naples, 1607.

Italian naturalist and physiologist, b. at Pomarolo in the Tyrol, 15 April, 1730; d. at Florence, 11 January, 1805.

Mother St. John, second foundress and superior-general of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyons. (1759-1843)

A suppressed order of hermits, which takes its name from their first hermitage in the Apennines.

A Benedictine monastery in Normandy (Seine-Inférieure), near Caudebec-en-Caux.

The monastery of Fontevrault was founded by Blessed Robert d'Arbrissel about the end of 1100.

In England, during the Middle Ages, fonts called "stoups", or "holy water stones", consisted of a small niche somewhat resembling a piscina and containing a stone basin partly sunk in the wall.

Italian goldsmith, sculptor, and die sinker, b. 1445, d. about 1527.

Capuchin, b. 1570; d. 1606.

A Bishop of Nancy and Toul, founder of the Association of the Holy Childhood. (1785-1844)

Latin lexicographer, b. at Fener, near Treviso, Italy, 26 Aug., 1688; d. at Padua, 4 April, 1768.

Born in Devonshire; died at Tyburn, 28 May, 1582.

Developed out of Saint John's College, founded by Bishop Hughes upon the old Rose Hill Farm at Fordham, then in Westchester County, and formally opened on St. John the Baptist's Day, 24 June, 1841.

A Scottish prelate; b. at Hatton, near Berwick-on-Tweed; d. 1522.

Controversialist, b. at Lucerne, 1580; d. at Ratisbon, 7 January, 1659.

A Catholic fraternal insurance society.

The deliberate untruthfulness of an assertion, or in the deceitful presentation of an object, and is based on an intention to deceive and to injure while using the externals of honesty.

Diocese in the province of Romagna (Central Italy); suffragan of Ravenna.

The original meaning of the term form, both in Greek and Latin, was and is that in common use - eidos, being translated, that which is seen, shape, etc., with secondary meanings derived from this, as form, sort, particular, kind, nature.

Writer, born 1816; died at Normanton Hall, Leicester, 12 March, 1884.

Reigned 891-896.

Medieval collections of models for the execution of documents (acta), public or private; a space being left for the insertion of names, dates, and circumstances peculiar to each case.

Sixteenth-century English priest and poet.

German entomologist. (1810-1884)

Bavarian Prince-Abbot. (1709-1791)

Astronomer and naturalist. (1789-1860)

The Diocese of Vincennes, Indiana, U.S.A., established in 1834, comprised the whole State of Indiana till the Holy See, on 22 September, 1857, created the Diocese of Fort Wayne, assigning to it that part of Indiana north of the southern boundary of Warren, Fountain, Montgomery, Boone, Hamilton, Madison, Delaware, and Randolph Counties.

Co-extensive with the State of Ceará in the Republic of Brazil.

Knight of St. John, martyr, b. about 1476, executed 10 July, 1539.

One of the gifts from the Holy Ghost is a supernatural virtue.

Morphologist and Minorite of the Reform of Lombardy; b. at Brescia, 1701; d. at Madrid, 1754.

A Christian poet of the sixth century.

Also called Quarant' Ore or written in one word Quarantore, is a devotion in which continuous prayer is made for forty hours before the Blessed Sacrament exposed.

A party of soldiers who suffered a cruel death for their faith, near Sebaste, in Lesser Armenia, victims of the persecutions of Licinius, who, after the year 316, persecuted the Christians of the East.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the internal and external forum.

Diocese located in the province of Cuneo, in Piedmont, Northern Italy, a suffragan of Turin.

Diocese in the province of Pesaro, Italy, a suffragan of Urbino.

Grave diggers in the Roman catacombs in the first three or four centuries of the Christian Era.

Soldier, convert. (1823-1874)

A monk of Fahan-Mura, County Doneval, Ireland, at the close of the eighth century.

An ecclesiastical writer b. at Elbeuf, near Rouen, 6 Aug. 1837.

A physicist and mechanician, b. at Paris, 19 Sept., 1819; d. there 11 Feb., 1868.

A popular Crusade preacher, d. March, 1202.

An ecclesiastical foundation is the making over of temporal goods to an ecclesiastical corporation or individual, either by gift during life or by will after death, on the condition of some spiritual work being done either in perpetuity or for a long time.

Under this title are comprised all institutions which take charge of infants whose parents or guardians are unable or unwilling to care for them.

A monastery of the Cistercian Order situated on the banks of the Skell about two and a half miles from Ripon in Yorkshire, established by thirteen Benedictine monks of St. Mary's Abbey, York.

French painter and miniaturist, b. at Tours, c. 1415; d. about 1480.

Two groups of maryrs commemorated on 8 November.

The most extensive of all the compilations of the ancient annals of Ireland.

Scholar and printer, b. at Bristol, England, 1537; d. at Namur, Flanders, 13 Feb., 1578-9.

John Foxe was born at Boston in Lincolnshire, England, in 1516, and was educated at Magdalen School and College, Oxford.

Florentine painter. (1387-1455)

The name given to a fresco in the so-called "Capella Greca" in the catacomb of St. Priscilla.

Geography, statistics, and history.

Duchess of Brittany, afterwards Carmelite nun, b. 1427; d. at Nantes, 4 Nov., 1485.

Mystic of the fifteenth century; born at Rome, of a noble family, in 1384; died there, 9 March, 1440.

Italian painter; b. at Bologna, 1648; d. there c. 1729; best known for the decorative works he carried out in Parma, Bologna, and Genoa, and for the designs executed for Clement XI for certain mosaics in St. Peter's.

Philosopher; b. 24 February, 1821, at Pegli, province of Genoa; d. 12 September, 1895, at Genoa.

Bolognese goldsmith, engraver, and artist, b. about 1450; d. in 1517.

Born 28 October, 1510, was the son of Juan Borgia, third Duke of Gandia, and of Juana of Aragon; died 30 September, 1572. His feast is celebrated 10 October.

Co-founder with John Augustine Adorno of the Congregation of the Minor Clerks Regular; b. in Villa Santa Maria in the Abrusso (Italy), 13 October, 1563; d. at Agnone, 4 June, 1608.

Italian Jesuit. (1642-1716)

Bishop of Geneva, Doctor of the Universal Church; born at Thorens, in the Duchy of Savoy, 21 August, 1567; died at Lyons, 28 December, 1622.

King of France; b. at Cognac, 12 September, 1494; d. at Rambouillet, 31 March, 1547.

English martyr, born about 1551; suffered at York on Friday, 3 June, 1586.

Founder of the Franciscan Order, born at Assisi in Umbria, in 1181 or 1182.

Priest of the Order of Friars Minor; b. 2 Sept., 1251; d. 22 April, 1322.

Founder of the Order of Minims; b. in 1416, at Paula, in Calabria, Italy; d. 2 April, 1507.

Spanish theologian; b. about 1480, at Vittoria, province of Avila, in Old Castile; d. 12 August, 1546.

Lazarist missionary in China; b. 1748, martyred, 18 Feb., 1820.

Franciscan missionary to South America. (1549-1610)

Born in the Castle of Xavier near Sanguesa, in Navarre. (1506-1552)

As known, St. Francis founded three orders and gave each of them a special rule.

Also known as the Seraphic Rosary. Brief history, general description of how one prays this chaplet.

A term commonly used to designate the members of the various foundations of religious, whether men or women, professing to observe the Rule of St. Francis of Assisi in some one of its several forms.

A theologian and controversialist; b. at Ortrand, Saxony, 2 Nov., 1543; d. at Ingolstadt, 12 March, 1584.

Italian historical painter and etcher, b. at Udine in 1510; d. at Venice in 1580.

Catholic artist and rediscoverer of the lost art of glass-painting; b. 1 June, 1770, at Nuremberg; d. at Munich, 16 January, 1847.

Archbishop of Mechlin (Malines), Primate of Belgium, and cardinal. (1726-1804)

Convened in the summer of 794, by the grace of God, authority of the pope, and command of Charlemagne (can. 1), and attended by the bishops of the Frankish kingdom, Italy, and the province of Aquitania, and even by ecclesiastics from England.

Formerly the scene of the election and coronation of the German emperors.

A confederation formed in Western Germany of a certain number of ancient barbarian tribes who occupied the right shore of the Rhine from Mainz to the sea. Their name is first mentioned by Roman historians in connection with a battle fought against this people about the year 241.

Cardinal and theologian. (1816-1886)

One of the six suburbicarian (i.e. neighbouring) dioceses from an immemorial date closely related to the Roman Church.

A celebrated Scotist theologian and philosopher of the Order of Friars Minor; b. near Peronne, France, in 1620; d. at Paris, 26 February, 1711.

The admonishing of one's neighbor by a private individual with the purpose of reforming him or, if possible, preventing his sinful indulgence.

A name given to various heretical sects which appeared in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, principally in Italy.

In the common acceptation of the word, an act or course of deception deliberately practised with the view of gaining a wrong and unfair advantage.

Optician. (1787-1826)

Bishop of Hermopolis in partibus infidelium, is celebrated chiefly for his conferences at Notre-Dame de Paris. (1765-1841)

Canadian journalist and poet. (1839-1908)

The supposed author of an anonymous historical compilation (Chronicon Fredegarii) of the seventh century, in which is related the history of the Franks from the earliest times until 658.

A ninth-century monk, teacher, and writer.

German King and Roman Emperor. (1123-1190)

German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily; born 26 Dec., 1194; died at Fiorentina, in Apulia, 13 Dec., 1250.

Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati. (1250-1323)

An ecclesiastical organization in Scotland which includes (in 1908) more than 500,000 of the 1,200,000 inhabitants of that country professing adherence to Presbyterian principles.

The question of free will, moral liberty, or the liberum arbitrium of the Schoolmen, ranks amongst the three or four most important philosophical problems of all time.

Those who, abandoning the religious truths and moral dictates of the Christian Revelation, and accepting no dogmatic teaching on the ground of authority, base their beliefs on the unfettered findings of reason alone.

A priest and martyr, b. at Manthorp near York, c. 1558; d. at Warwick, 13 August, 1595.

The compound term Freemason occured first in 1375 and means primarily a mason of superior skill, though later it also designated one who enjoyed the freedom, or the privilege, of a trade guild.

Cardinal; b. at Genoa, about 1480; d. 22 July, 1541.

City, archdiocese, and university in the Archduchy of Baden, Germany.

Suffragan of Aix; comprises the whole department of Var (France).

Jesuit missionary to the American Indians; b. at Reims, 12 March, 1628; d. at Quebec, 2 July, 1691.

Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635.

History and statistics of French Canadian immigration to the United States.

The name given to the convention of the 26th Messidor, year IX (July 16, 1802), whereby Pope Pius VII and Bonaparte, First Consul, re-established the Catholic Church in France.

Origin, foundations, and types.

The starting point of the French Revolution was the convocation of the States General by Louis XVI.

Bishop of Ferns, Ireland. (1604-1678)

Bishop of Angers, France; and deputy from Finistère. (1827-1891)

Discusses the history and practice.

Physicist; b. at Broglie near Bernay, Normandy, 10 May, 1788; d. at Ville d'Avray, near Paris, 14 July, 1827.

A member of one of the mendicant orders.

History, traditions, and saints of the order.

Jesuit missionary and cartographer. (1673-1743)

Patroness of Oxford. (650-735)

Sixth-century Irish missionary.

Medieval German poet.

An association of pious persons, both ecclesiastical and lay, having for its object the cultivation of holiness.

Quakers, an Anglo-American religious sect.

The monastery of St. Michael was founded, about 960, at Frigolet, by Conrad the Pacific, King of Arles.

A special kind of trimming, consisting of loose threads of wool, silk, etc., or strips of other suitable material, along the edge of a piece of cloth.

A Jesuit missionary of the eighteenth century noted for his exploration of the Amazon River and its basin.

French historian and poet, b. at Valenciennes, about 1337, d. at Chimay early in the fifteenth century.

French writer and artist. (1820-1876)

An appendage which covers the entire front of the altar, from the lower part of the table to the predella, and from the gospel corner to that of the epistle side.

A governor of New France, b. at Paris, 1662; d. at Quebec, 28 Nov., 1698.

Benedictine abbot, d. 11 March, 1178.

An Archbishop, d. 16 April, c. 665.

A bishop and martyr; d. 21 January, 259.

Chemist and mineralogist. (1774-1856)

Artist. (1800-1876)

Bishop. (952-1028)

Bishop of Lodève; d. 13 February, 1006.

This diocese of the German Empire takes its name from the ancient Benedictine abbey of Fulda.

A canonist and theologian of the African Church in the first half of the sixth century.

Seventh-century Spanish bishop.

African bishop. (468-533)

Novelist; born 23 September, 1812, in Staffordshire, died 19 January, 1885.

Theologian. (d. 1545)

Diocese in the Madeira Islands.

This term was employed by Protestant theologians to distinguish the essential parts of the Christian faith from those non-essential doctrines, which, as they believed, individual chuches might accept or reject without forfeiting their claim to rank as parts of the Church universal.

The canonical perquisites of a parish priest receivable on the occasion of the funeral of any of his parishioners.

A black cloth usually spread over the coffin while the obsequies are performed for a deceased person.

Dicese in Hungary, in the ecclesiastical province of Gran.

Church historian. (1840-1907)

Originally a Benedictine monastery of the Savigny Reform it afterwards became Cistercian.

A titular see in Proconsular Africa, where two towns of this name are known to have existed.

A well-known children's missioner. (1809-1865)

An Abbot of Lagny, near Paris, d. 16 Jan., about 650.

A statesman and educator. (1729- 1810)

A titular see in Numidia.

A partner of Gutenberg in promoting the art of printing, d. at Paris about 1466.

An English Franciscan friar ot the Capuchin Reform, whose family name was Filch. (1563-1610)