Precentor of Canterbury and historian.

The first Archbishop of York by that name.

Date of birth unknown; died 810 or 812.

In consequence of an agreement between the Holy See and the Portuguese Government in 1886.

Includes information on the feast and customs.

The dispute regarding the proper time of observing Easter.

Eastern Churches depended originally on the Eastern Empire at Constantinople.

Abbot of Wearmouth, nephew of St. Benedict Biscop; born 650, died 7 March, 686.

Cardinal, born at Easton in Norfolk; died at Rome, 15 September (according to others, 20 October), 1397.

Second Bishop of Hexham; date of birth unknown; died 26 October, 686.

Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851.

German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria; d. at Vienna, 8 Jan., 1464.

A German chronicler about the beginning of the fourteenth century.

Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876.

Theologian and controversialist, born 25 May, 1597, at Rendweisdorff, in Bavaria; died 8 April, 1675.

Name designating one or more early Christian sects.

The name of two German mystics.

The name given to the book of Holy Scripture which usually follows the Proverbs; the Hebrew Qoheleth probably has the same meaning.

All ecclesiastical architecture may be said to have been evolved from two distinct germ-cells, the oblong and the circular chamber.

A collection of documents, records, and memorials, pertaining to the origin, foundation, growth, history, and constitutions of a diocese, parish, monastery, or religious community under the jurisdiction of the Church.

Article explores the origin, history, and types.

This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever be the name given to them, church, chapel, oratory, and basilica.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction is distinguished into that of the internal and external forum.

The longest of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the last of the Sapiential writings in the Vulgate of the Old Testament.

Fifth Archbishop of Baltimore, U.S.A. (1801-1851)

Thirteenth-century Friar Minor and chronicler.

Historian of the Dominicans, born at Rouen, France, 22 September, 1644; died at Paris, 15 March, 1724.

Painter, born at Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the sixteenth century; died in Mexico about the middle of the seventeenth.

A titular see of Thessaly, Greece.

Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart (Bavaria); d. 13 Sept., 1617, at Würzburg.

A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Diocese of Trier.

Theologian and principal adversary of Luther, b. 15 Nov., 1486, at Eck in Swabia; d. 10 Feb., 1543, at Ingolstadt.

Missionary, born at Bingen, Germany, 4 August, 1721; died at the College of Polstok, Polish Russia, 29 June, 1809.

Abbot of Schönau, born in the early part of the twelfth century.

German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of Kalenberg, 7 Sept., 1664; d. at Würzburg, 9 Feb., 1730.

Dominican preacher, theologian and mystic, born about 1260 at Hochheim, near Gotha; died in 1327 at Cologne.

German numismatist. (1737-1798)

A philosophical term meaning either a tendency of mind in a thinker to conciliate the different views or positions taken in regard to problems, or a system in philosophy which seeks the solution of its fundamental problems by selecting and uniting what it regards as true in the various philosophical schools.

Offers details of false views.

An independent state of South America, bounded on the north by Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the south by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Councils are legally convened assemblies of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts for the purpose of discussing and regulating matters of church doctrine and discipline.

Includes the Catholic Church together with the many other religious communions which have either directly or indirectly, separated from it.

A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder Edda" and the prose or "Younger Edda".

The family name of four engravers.

Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into Abyssinia; the latter a saint and first Bishop of Axum, styled the Apostle of Abyssinia, d. about 383.

A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene.

Confessor of Louis XVI, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Paris at the height of the French Revolution. (1745-1807)

Derives its name from the time (about A.D. 620) when the fortress of Edwin's burgh was raised on a lofty spur of the Pentland Hills, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and established the Anglian dominion in the northern part of the Northumbrian Kingdom.

Includes Hebrew and Greek editions.

English martyr, born in 1585 at Haddock; executed at Lancaster, 23 August, 1628.

English Jesuit and martyr.

Archbishop of Canterbury, England, born 20 November, c. 1180, at Abingdon, six miles from Oxford; died 16 November, 1240.

King of East Anglia, born about 840; died at Hoxne, Suffolk, 20 November, 870.

Founded in 1843, by Jean-Baptiste Muard, at Pontigny, France, for the work of popular missions.

In the broadest sense, education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed, knowledge acquired, and character formed. In a narrower sense, it is the work done by certain agencies and institutions, the home and the school, for the express purpose of training immature minds.

Includes statistics and history.

History, aids, and alphabets are discussed.

A voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators and other persons who have an interest in the welfare of Catholic education in the United States.

King of England (1312-77).

(Catholic Encyclopedia)

English priest and martyr. (1478-1540)

(Catholic Encyclopedia)

King of England, born in 1003; died 5 January, 1066.

King of England, son to Edgar the Peaceful, and uncle to St. Edward the Confessor; b. about 962; d. 18 March, 979.

(Catholic Encyclopedia)

The first Christian King of Northumbria, born about 585.

King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, born about 940; died 959.

Archbishop of Tuam, born near Tuam, Ireland, 1734; died near Tuam, 1798.

First bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A., b. in Ireland, most probably in Galway, in 1761; d. at Philadelphia, 22 July, 1814.

Frequently though incorrectly called "First King of England", died A.D. 839.

Belonged to the family of the Counts of Holland. Died 8 or 9 December, 993.

Son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin of King Ceolwulf, to whom the Venerable Bede dedicated his history; date of birth unknown; d. 19 November, 766.

Northumbrian monk. (639-729)

King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685.

Historian, born c. 770 in the district watered by the River Main in the eastern part of the Frankish Empire; d. 14 March, 840, at Seligenstadt.

Born at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 18 May, 1824; died in New York, 1885.

Born at the Château de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 June, 1568.

The designation given to those ethical systems which hold self-love to be the source of all rational action and the determinant of moral conduct.

Mexican scholar. (d. 1763)

Third Bishop of Worcester.

Provides information on history, religion, and literature.

An early Christian collection of thirty-one canons regulating ordinations, the liturgy, and other main features of church life.

Poet. (1788-1857)

Diocese in Bavaria, north of the Danube, and suffragan to Bamberg.

Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin (Ireland), probably in the sixth century.

A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits.

Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 December, 1535; died at Ingolstadt, 4 May, 1578.

Styled "daughter of Baite", with her sister Sodelbia, are commemorated in the Irish calendars under 20 March.

Commemorated in the Irish martyrologies under the 11th of January.

Name of five monks of the (Swiss) Abbey of St. Gall from the tenth to the thirteenth century.

Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125.

Popular hero of the chivalrous age of Spain, born at Burgos c. 1040; died at Valencia, 1099. He was given the title of seid or cid (lord, chief) by the Moors and that of campeador (champion) by his admiring countrymen.

Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614.

A titular see of Asia Minor.

The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.

Bavarian moral theologian. (1690-1756)

A sect of Gnostic Ebionites.

Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown.

Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A., and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in Baltimore, Maryland, 22 March, 1819; d. in Cincinnati, 31 Oct., 1904.

Includes information on three uses of this name.

Denotes in general one chosen or taken by preference from among two or more; as a theological term it is equivalent to "chosen as the object of mercy or Divine favour, as set apart for eternal life".

In its broadest sense election means a choice among many persons, things, or sides to be taken. In the stricter juridical sense it means the choice of one person among many for a definite charge or function.

Pope (c. 174-189).

Bishop of Tournai.

A titular see in Palaestina Prima.

The Elevation of the Mass is a rite of comparatively recent introduction.

Mineralogist and chemist. (1755-1833)

Heli was both judge and high-priest, whose history is related in I Kings.

Old Testament prophet.

Minister General of the Friars Minor, b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at Cortona, 22 April, 1253.

Died 518; one of the two Catholic bishops (with Flavian of Antioch) who resisted the attempt of the Emperor Anastasius I (491-518) to abolish the Council of Chalcedon (451).

Geologist, b. at Canon (Dép. Calvados), near Caen, France, 25 Sept., 1798; d. at Canon, 21 Sept., 1874.

French bishop. (590-660)

Fifth-century virgin and martyr.

A Prophet of Israel.

Armenian historian of the fifth century, place and date of birth unknown, d. 480.

Archbishop of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560.

Mother of St. John the Baptist.

Foundress of the Sisters of Charity. (1774-1821)

Charitable associations of women in Germany which aim for the love of Christ to minister to the bodily and spiritual sufferings of the sick poor and of neglected children.

Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia, born in Hungary, probably at Pressburg, 1207; died at Marburg, Hesse, 17 November, 1231.

Queen of Portugal. (1271-1336)

Third-order Franciscan. (1386-1420)

Twelfth-century Benedictine writer.

From an association established by Dorothea Klara Wolff, in connection with the sisters, Mathilde and Maria Merkert, and Franziska Werner, 1842, in Nelsse (Prussia), to tend in their own homes, without compensation, helpless sick persons who could not or would not be received into the hospitals.

First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in 1652; d. 16 Nov., 1726.

The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart.

The common name for God.

Martyred Archbishop of Canterbury. (954-1012)

Suffragan of Tuam, Ireland, a see founded by St. Patrick.

A titular see of Palaestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra.

Held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far from Granada.

Ancient diocese in England.

Baron of Ansouis, Count of Ariano, born in the castle of Saint-Jean de Robians, in Provence, 1285; died at Paris, 27 September, 1323.

The doctrine that emanation (Lat. emanare, "to flow from") is the mode by which all things are derived from the First Reality, or Principle.

In ancient Rome emancipation was a process of law by which a slave released from the control of his master, or a son liberated from the authority of his father (patria potestas), was declared legally independent. The earliest ecclesiastical employment of this process was in the freeing of slaves.

The days at the beginning of the seasons ordered by the Church as days of fast and abstinence.

An insertion, addition, interpretation. The word has two specific uses in the language of the Church; in the prayer and in the calendar.

In Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ornament vestments.

Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century.

Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution, b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1811.

A titular see of Ph?nicia Secunda, suffragan of Damascus, and the seat of two Uniat archdioceses, Greek Melchite and Syrian.

Details of several organizations, the earliest being the Charitable Irish Society of Boston, Massachusetts, founded 17 March, 1737.

Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century.

Founder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 July.

Signifies "God with us" (Matthew 1:23), and is the name of the child predicted in Isaias 7:14: "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and his name shall be called Emmanuel".

A titular see in Pa1æstina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea.

Bishop of Poitiers and missionary to Bavaria, b. at Poitiers in the first half of the seventh century; martyred at Ascheim (Bavaria) towards the end of the same century.

A Benedictine monastery at Ratisbon (Regensburg), named after its traditional founder, the patron saint of the city.

An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near Coesfeld, in the Diocese of Munster, Westphalia, Germany; died at Dulmen, 9 February, 1824.

Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i.e. of sensations variously associated and arranged.

A meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz, Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg, at the little town of Bad-Ems, near Coblenz, in August, 1786, for the purpose of protesting against papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers and fixing the future relations between these archbishops and the Roman pontiff.

The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477; died 8 Nov., 1527 at Dresden.

Spanish dramatic poet, called by Ticknor the father of the Spanish secular drama; b. in the village of Encina near Salamanca, 7 Aug., 1468; d. in Salamanca, 1534.

Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown.

Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville.

The name given in early Christian times to a species of reliquary worn round the neck, in which were enclosed relics.

Literally, "abstainers" or "persons who practised continency", because they refrained from the use of wine, animal food, and marriage.

According to its etymology, an encyclical is nothing more than a circular letter. In modern times, usage has confined the term almost exclusively to certain papal documents which differ in their technical form from the ordinary style of either Bulls or Briefs, and which in their superscription are explicitly addressed to the patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops of the Universal Church in communion with the Apostolic See.

An abridgment of human knowledge in general or a considerable department thereof, treated from a uniform point of view or in a systematized summary.

The writers of the eighteenth century who edited or contributed articles to the "Encyclopédie".

Austrian botanist, linguist, and historian, b. at Pressburg, Hungary, 24 June, 1804; d. at Vienna, 28 March, 1849.

A property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated for the support of any person, institution, or object, as a student, professorship, school, hospital.

Includes the history and philosophy.

The name of a warm spring near the center of the west shore of the Dead Sea, and also of a town situated in the same place.

Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694.

A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance.

Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf in Styria, c. 1250; d. 12 May, 1331.

Archbishop of that city (1216-1225); b. at Berg, about 1185; d. near Schwelm, 7 November, 1225.

Dutch painter, b. at Leyden, 1468; d. there 1533; is believed to have been identical with a certain Cornelis de Hollandere who was a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1492.

The Protestant Reformation is the great dividing line in the history of England, as of Europe generally.

History of the occupation, conversion, and development.

This term England is here restricted to one constituent, the largest and most populous, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

First Bishop of Charleston, S.C. (1786-1842)

Antiquary and scientist, b. 1752; d. 21 March, 1822.

Information on its foundation, scholastic status, and students.

Since this article, some of the causes for canonization have been successful, and others have progressed from "venerable" to "blessed."

On 29 September, 1850, by the Bull "Universalis Ecclesiae", Pius IX restored the Catholic hierarchy in England which had become extinct with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth. Westminster became the metropolitan see and its occupant the lawful successor of the Catholic archbishops of Canterbury.

Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences.

The history of the Revolution resolves itself into a catalogue of various ill-judged measures which alienated the support of the Established Church, the Tory party, and the nation as a whole.

Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17 July, 521.

The name of the son of Cain (Gen., iv, 17, 18), of a nephew of Abraham (Gen., xxv, 4), of the first-born of Ruben (Gen., xlvi, 9), and of the son of Jared and the father of Mathusala (Gen., v. 18 sq.).

The antediluvian patriarch Henoch according to Genesis "walked with God and was seen no more, because God took him".

Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, Wurtemberg, and who shared as master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century in Southern Germany.

A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture.

From Greek 'enthronízein, to place on a throne.

A native of Leinster, and, after presiding over the Abbey of Kilnamanagh (Co. Wicklow) for fifteen years, settled in the valley of Mourne (Co. Tyrone), his mother's country, about the year 576.

The surplus days of the solar over the lunar year; hence, more freely, the number of days in the age of the moon on 1 January of any given year. The whole system of epacts is based on the Metonic Lunar Cycle, and serves to indicate the days of the year on which the new moons occur.

Originally the name of one of the divisions of the Roman Empire.

A philanthropic priest and inventor of the sign alphabet for the instruction of the deaf and dumb; was b. at Versailles, 25 November, 1712; d. at Paris, 23 December, 1789.

Diocese of the Greek Ruthenian Rite, suffragan to Gran.

The letter which, in the manuscripts containing the Epistles of St. Paul, bears the title "To the Ephesians" comprises two parts distinctly separated by a doxology (Eph., iii, 20 sq.).

A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century B.C. by Androcles, son of the Athenian King Codrus, with the aid of Ionian colonists.

The third ecumenical council, held in 431.

The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit. 14,530, written in the year 535.

One of the many examples of the legend about a man who falls asleep and years after wakes up to find the world changed.

a kind of garment, which differed according to its use by the high-priest, by other persons present at religious services, or as the object of idolatrous worship.

Born at Nisibis, then under Roman rule, early in the fourth century; died June, 373.

The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, received its name from the treatises of St. Ephraem the Syrian (translated into Greek) which were written over the original text.

One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the Monophysites, b. at Amida in Mesopotamia; d. in 545.

In its popular sense, the word stands for a refined and calculating selfishness, seeking not power or fame, but the pleasures of sense, particularly of the palate, and those in company rather than solitude.

The name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies (and originally in Western liturgies also) after the words of Institution, in which the celebrant prays that God may send down His Holy Spirit to change this bread and wine into the Body and Blood of His Son.

Martyrs, suffered under Julian the Apostate, 362, commemorated on 10 May.

A titular see in Cilicia Secunda, in Asia Minor, suffragan of Anazarbus.

A translator of various Greek works in the middle of the sixth century of the Christian Era.

Succeeded John II (518-20) as Patriarch of Constantinople.

Born at Besanduk, near Eleutheropolis, in Judea, after 310; died in 403. While very young he followed the monastic life in Egypt. On his return founded a monastery at Besanduk and was ordained to the priesthood.

The feast was called among the Syrians denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke. I, 78.

Since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particularly from the clergy.

The history of this religious organization is divide into two portions: the period of its dependence upon the Church of England and that of its separate existence with a hierarchy of its own.

That branch of philosophy which is concerned with the value of human knowledge.

The Old Testament exhibits two periods in its idea of an epistle: first, it presents the epistle under the general concept of a book or a writing; secondly, it regards the epistle as a distinct literary form. The New Testament presents a very highly developed form of an epistle.

German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; d. at Exaeten, Holland, 22 Aug., 1894.

German humanist, b. at Rotterdam, Holland, 28 October, probably in 1466; d. at Basle, Switzerland, 12 July, 1536.

The name "Erastianism" is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue subservience of the Church to the State.

Spanish soldier and poet, born in Madrid, 7 August, 1533; died in the same city, 29 November, 1594.

Bishop of London, died about 690.

Antiquarian, date of birth unknown; died 1603.

Situated in a suburb of Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, belongs to the Benedictine congregation of St. Martin of Beuron, Germany, and is dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury.

Bishop of that city in the seventh century, probably identical with an Abbot Erhard of Ebersheimmunster mentioned in a Merovingian diploma of 684.

Diocese established 1853.

Twelve holy Irishmen of the sixth century who went to study at the School of Clonard in Meath.

An Irish teacher, theologian, philosopher, and poet, who lived in the ninth century.

A district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. St. Adalbert of Prague (d. 997) and St. Bruno of Querfurt (d. 1009) converted the early inhabitants of this region, the heathen Prussians, to Christianity and two centuries later Teutonic Knights and members of the Cistercian Order introduced civilization also into the land.

In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response, however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race and rite, Leo XIII by his brief "Quae Rei Sacrae" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam.

Name of four Irish saints.

The sixth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, after whose resignation of the government in 1627 to his son Wilhelm V, Ernst and his brother Hermann respectively founded the collateral lines of Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Rotenburg.

Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124.

Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768.

Reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides the lack of information which it implies, it adds the positive element of a mental judgment, by which something false is held to be true, or something true avouched to be false.

Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811.

Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at Würzburg, 16 February, 1795.

Last Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, b. 3 Jan., 1719, at Mainz; d. 25 July, 1802, at Aschaffenburg.

One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17 January, 1318.

A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete.

The kings of Armenia established their summer residence here. Later Garin fell into the power of the Byzantines, who named it Theodosiopolis (415), under which title it is still a Latin titular see.

The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob.

A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), Holland, in 1507; d. 19 July, 1578.

That branch of systematic theology which deals with the doctrines of the last things (ta eschata).

Preacher and writer, born at Valladolid in 1589; died there, 4 July, 1669.

Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 Feb., 1554; d. there 9 June, 1633.

A building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about twenty-seven miles north-west of Madrid. Its proper title is El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial , Escorial being the name of a small town in the vicinity.

Priest and scribe connected with Israel's restoration after the Exile.

Eighth Bishop of Quebec, Canada; born Quebec, 24 April, 1710; died 7 June, 1788.

Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181.

A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence.

Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St. Christopher in Dec., 1636.

A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote "the ability of one mind to impress or to be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense".

A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico and Arizona in 1582-3.

Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2 Oct., 1728.

French theologian, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris.

Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634.

Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century.

A contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby affianced.

A feast of the Latin Church.

Essence, described as that whereby a thing is what it is. Existence is that whereby the essence is an actuality in the line of being.

One of three leading Jewish sects mentioned by Josephus as flourishing in the second century B.C., the others being the Pharisees and the Sadducees.

Famous commentator on the Pauline Epistles. (1542-1613)

The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive relation between the two is frequently expressed in English by the use of the word "establishment".

French admiral, b. at the chateau de Ravel (Auvergne), 28 November, 1729; d. at Paris, 28 April, 1794.

Queen of Persia and wife of Assuerus, who is identified with Xerxes (485-465 B.C.).

Benedictine. (1639-1699)

Eternity is defined by Boetius (De Consol. Phil., V, vi) as "possession, without succession and perfect, of interminable life".

Archbishop of York.

King of the East Angles. (d. 794)

King of Kent. (552-616)

Queen of Northumbria; born (probably) about 630; died at Ely, 23 June, 679.

Bishop of Winchester.

Brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I (Comnenus, 1143-1180).

The fourteenth Archbishop of Canterbury, England, date of birth unknown; died 12 May, 805.

Many writers regard ethics as any scientific treatment of the moral order and divide it into theological, or Christian, ethics (moral theology) and philosophical ethics (moral philosophy).

Includes geography, history, and religion.

An Armenian monastery, since 1441 the ecclesiastical capital of the schismatic Armenians, and seat of their patriarch or catholicos, whom the greater part of the Non-Uniat Armenian Church acknowledge as their head.

A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda or Libanensis, in Palestine.

A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor.

Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the Blessed Eucharist is unquestionably a sacrament of the Church.

The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the expression the "breaking of bread" (fractio panis) or "liturgy".

The earliest and always the favourite symbol of the Eucharist in the monuments was that inspired by the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes; the banquet of the seven Disciples appears only in one (second-century) catacomb scene; the miracle of Cana in two, one of which is of the early third, the other of the fourth, century.

The name given to the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar its twofold aspect of sacrament and Sacrifice of Mass, and in which Jesus Christ is truly present under the bread and wine.

Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of philosophy.

Gatherings of ecclesiastics and laymen for the purpose of celebrating and glorifying the Holy Eucharist and of seeking the best means to spread its knowledge and love throughout the world.

Article divided into four sections: (I) Name and place of the Canon; (II) History of the Canon; (III) The text and rubrics of the Canon; (IV) Mystical interpretations.

First Bishop of Trier (Treves) in the second half of the third century.

First Bishop of Trier (Treves) in the second half of the third century.

The name of one of the chief Service books of the Byzantine Church. It corresponds more or less to the Missal and Ritual.

French missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; author of the liturgical worship of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary; b. at Ri, France, 14 Nov., 1601; d. at Caen, 19 Aug., 1680.

An ecclesiastical society instituted at Caen, France, 25 March, 1643, by the Venerable Jean Eudes.

Ælia Eudocia, sometimes wrongly called Eudoxia, was the wife of Theodosius II; died c. 460. Her original name was Athenais, and she was the daughter of Leontius, one of the last pagans who taught rhetoric at Athens.

A titular see of Galatia Secunda in Asia Minor, suffragan of Pessinus.

Fourth Abbot of Condat (Jura), b. about 449, at Izernore, Ain, Franche-Comté; d. 1 Jan., 510 at Condat.

Elected 10 Aug., 654, and died at Rome, 2 June, 657.

Elected 6 June, 824; died 27 Aug., 827.

Bernardo Pignatelli, born in the neighbourhood of Pisa, elected 15 Feb., 1145; d. at Tivoli, 8 July, 1151.

Gabriello Condulmaro, or Condulmerio, b. at Venice, 1388; elected 4 March, 1431; d. at Rome, 23 Feb., 1447.

Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either physically or mentally.

Archbishop of Toledo, successor in 636 of Justus in that see; d. 647.

Archbishop of Toledo from 647 to 13 Nov., 657, the date of his death.

Unanimously elected Bishop of Carthage in 480 to succeed Deogratias (d. 456); d. 13 July, 505.

The term has been applied in ecclesiastical usage to the object blessed. It was occasionally used in early times to signify the Holy Eucharist, and in this sense is especially frequent in the writings of St. Cyril of Alexandria.

Patriarch of that see from 580 to 607.

A Spanish martyr in the persecution of Diocletian (12 February, 304), patron of the cathedral and city of Barcelona, also of sailors.

Spanish martyr and writer who flourished during the reigns of the Cordovan Caliphs, Abd-er-Rahman II and Mohammed I (822-886).

A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis.

A phase of extreme Arianism prevalent amongst a section of Eastern churchmen from about 350 until 381; as a sect it is not heard of after the middle of the fifth century.

Succeeded as patriarch Flavitas (or Fravitas, 489-490), who succeeded Acacius (471-489).

Virgin, b. in 380; d. after 410.

Died about 470. Her story belongs to that group of legends which relate how Christian virgins, in order the more successfully to lead the life of celibacy and asceticism to which they had dedicated themselves, put on male attire and passed for men.

A titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis.

The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and Africa, had its origin in ancient times.

A titular see in Provincis Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis.

Bishop of Angers, b. in the early part of the eleventh century; d. at Angers, 29 August, 1081.

Ecclesiastical writer and author of a number of homilies well known in the sixth and seventh centuries.

Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Cæsarea in Palestine, the "Father of Church History"; b. about 260; d. before 341.

Bishop of Dorylæum in Asia Minor, was the prime mover on behalf of Catholic orthodoxy against the heresies of Nestorius and Eutyches.

An Alexandrian deacon who had some fame as a confessor and became bishop of Laodicea in Syria, date of birth uncertain: d. about 268.

Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines.

Consists of two parts: the first was probably called by Eusebius the "Chronograph" or "Chronographies"; the second he terms the "Canon", or "Canons", and also the "Chronological Canons".

Bishop of Samosata.

Roman priest.

Bishop of Vercelli.

Reigned A.D. 309 or 310.

(Catholic Encyclopedia)

Antiquary, b. in Ireland, c. 1762; d. at Naples, Italy, 1 Aug., 1815.

Eldest son of Sir John Eustace, Castlemartin, County Kildars, Ireland, martyred for the Faith, Nov. 1581.

Abbot of the Monastery of Luxeuil. (d. 625)

Second-century Roman martyrs.

A distinguished anatomist of the Renaissance period.

Born about 300; died about 377. He was one of the chief founders of monasticism in Asia Minor, and for a long time was an intimate friend of St. Basil.

Bishop of Antioch, b. at Side in Pamphylia, c. 270; d. in exile at Trajanopolis in Thrace, most probably in 360, according to some already in 336 or 337.

Virgin, born at Rome c. 368; died at Bethlehem, 28 September, 419 or 420.

A deacon of Alexandria and later Bishop of Sulca.

From Greek eu, well, and thanatos, death, easy, painless death.

Abbot in Palestine. (377-473)

Spanish bishop; d. about 610.

An heresiarch of the fifth century.

Eutychianism and Monophysitism are usually identified as a single heresy. But as some Monophysites condemned Eutyches, the name Eutychians is given by some writers only to those in Armenia.

He succeeded Pope Felix I a few days after the latter's death, and governed the Church from January, 275, until 7 December, 283.

Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria, author of a history of the world, b. 876, at Fustat (Cairo); d. 11 May, 940.

Patriarch of Constantinople, b. about 512, in Phrygia; d. Easter Day, 5 April, 582.

Church historian. (536-594)

Short article on this important fourth-century author of ascetical writings.

Liturgical books containing those portions of the Gospels which are read during Mass or in the public offices of the Church.

An association of Protestants belonging to various denominations founded in 1846.

Almost from the beginning the new Evangelical Church was split, first into two communions, the Lutheran and the Reformed, then into a multitude of sects.

The difference between a precept and a counsel lies in this, that the precept is a matter of necessity while the counsel is left to the free choice of the person to whom it is proposed.

In the New Testament this word, in its substantive form, occurs only three times: Acts, xxi, 8; Eph., iv, 11; II Tim., iv, 5. It seems to indicate not so much an order in the early ecclesiastical hierarchy as a function.

Date of birth unknown; died about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In papal catalogues of the second century used by Irenaeus and Hippolytus, he appears as the fourth successor of St. Peter, immediately after St Clement.

First woman; wife of Adam.

In the first ages, during the night before every feast, a vigil was kept. In the evening the faithful assembled in the place or church where the feast was to be celebrated and prepared themselves by prayers, readings from Holy Writ (now the Offices of Vespers and Matins), and sometimes also by hearing a sermon.

Founded by St. Egwin, third Bishop of Worcester, about 701, in Worcestershire, England, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin.

In a large sense, described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to exist in the universe, to the desires and needs of individuals; whence arises, among humans beings at least, the sufferings in which life abounds.

The first Bishop of Antioch after St. Peter.

Discussed under the headings: (1) Scientific Hypothesis vs. Philosophical Speculation; (2) Theistic vs. Atheistic Theories of Evolution; (3) The Theory of Evolution vs. Darwinism; and (4) Human Evolution vs. Plant and Animal Evolution.

History, definition, and various arguments.

Located in Portugal, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as suffragans Leiria and Portalegre; in 1570 and later were added Sylves, Ceuta, Congo, Santo Thomé, Funchal, Cabo Verde, and Angra.

Diocese in the Department of Eure, France; suffragan of the Archbishopric of Rouen.

Martyrs in Old Saxony about 695. They were two priests and natives of Northumbria, England. Both bore the same name, but were distinguished as Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair, from the difference in the colour of their hair and complexions.

Jurist and statesman, b. in West Liberty, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.A., 28 December, 1789; d. at Lancaster, Ohio, 26 October, 1871.

Literally "from the chair", a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and is more particularly applied to the definitions given by the Roman pontiff.

A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry.

By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of ascertaining their conformity with, or difformity from, the moral law.

So called because appointed by the Apostolic See for service in Rome. In 1570 Pius V instituted the Apostolic examiners to conduct examinations of candidates for orders and of confessors.

The chief purpose of synodal examiners is to conduct competitive examinations or concursus though they may be designated to hold of other examinations.

A title used in various senses both civilly and ecclesiastically.

In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of another.

The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were personæ minus gratæ, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election.

Exclusion from the communion, the principal and severest censure, is a medicinal, spiritual penalty that deprives the guilty Christian of all participation in the common blessings of ecclesiastical society.

A cleric who puts into execution a papal rescript, completing what is necessary in order that it be effective.

A semicircular stone or marble seat; a rectangular or semicircular recess; the portico of the Grecian palæstra, or gymnasium, in which disputations of the learned were held among the ancients; also, in private houses, the parastas, or vestibule, used for conversation.

The branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of Sacred Scripture.

The whole or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or institution from the authority of the ecclesiastical superior next higher in rank, and the placing of the person or body thus released under the control of the authority next above the former superior, or under a still higher one, or under the highest authority of all, the pope.

A faculty which civil rulers impart to a Bull, papal Brief, or other ecclesiastical enactment in order to give it binding force in their respective territories.

English see, chosen by Leofric, Bishop of Crediton, as his cathedral city in 1050.

Carthusian monk and martyr. (d. 1535)

Exorcism is (1) the act of driving out, or warding off, demons, or evil spirits, from persons, places, or things, which are believed to be possessed or infested by them, or are liable to become victims or instruments of their malice; (2) the means employed for this purpose, especially the solemn and authoritative adjuration of the demon, in the name of God, or any of the higher power in which he is subject.

(1) In general, any one who exorcises or professes to exorcise demons (cf. Acts 19:13); (2) in particular, one ordained by a bishop for this office, ordination to which is the second of the four minor orders of the Western Church.

Celebrated on 18 December by nearly the entire Latin Church. Owing to the ancient law of the Church prohibiting the celebration of feasts during Lent (a law still in vigour at Milan), the Spanish Church transferred the feast of the Annunciation from 25 March to the season of Advent, the Tenth Council of Toledo (656) assigning it definitely to 18 December.

An expectative, or an expectative grace, is the anticipatory grant of an ecclesiastical benefice, not vacant at the moment but which will become so, regularly, on the death of its present incumbent.

Officials who attend to the sending of Bulls, Briefs, and Rescripts, that emanate from the Apostolic Chancery, the Dataria, the Sacred Paenitentiaria, and the Secretariate of Briefs.

A manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing it, with proper solemnity, to the view of the faithful in order that they may pay their devotions before it.

Philosophical term. From Lat. ex-tendere, to spread out.

The first active agitation for a church extension or home mission society for the Catholic Church in North America was begun in 1904 by an article of the present writer, published in the "American Ecclesiastical Review" (Philadelphia).

This word is employed to designate some papal decretals not contained in certain canonical collections which possess a special authority, i.e. they are not found in the Decree of Gratian or the three official collections of the "Corpus Juris".

A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be, the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are seriously ill.

The name given to an Irish stranger on the Continent of Europe in the time of Charles the Great, who wrote poems in Latin, several of which are addressed to the emperor.

The hymn in praise of the paschal candle sung by the deacon, in the liturgy of Holy Saturday.

Bishop of Toulouse in the beginning of the fifth century; place and date of birth unascertained; died after 410.

One of the earliest German humanists, born in 1420 near Anabach in Franconia; died in 1475.

Brothers, Flemish illuminators and painters, founders of the school of Bruges and consequently of all the schools of painting in the North of Europe.

Painter, born at Brussels, Belgium, 16 September, 1809; died at Schaerbeek, 19 December, 1853.

Biographical article on the French priest and founder.

Theologian and inquisitor, born at Gerona, in Catalonia, Spain, c. 1320; died there 4 January, 1399.

First president of Ushaw College; born at Glossop, Derbyshire; in 1748; died at Ushaw, 8 May, 1810.

Antiquary, born 1667; died 5 November, 1721; he was a member of the ancient family of Eyston.

King of Juda, son and successor of Achaz.

Son of Buzi, and was one of the priests who, in the year 598 B.C., had been deported together with Joachim as prisoners from Jerusalem (IV Kings, xxiv, 12-16; cf. Ezek. xxxiii, 21, xl, 1).

A city of Idumea, situated on the northern extremity of the Ælanitic Gulf, now called the Gulf of Akabah.

A writer of the fifth century, born at Golp, in the province of Taikh, a tributary valley of the Chorokh, in Northern Armenia.

A priest of Bamberg in the eleventh century, author of a famous poem known as the "Song of the Miracles of Christ".