The last of the lay cardinals. Papal secretary of state during the revolutionary upheaval of 1848 and the reaction which followed.

A history of the Papal states before the 1848 revolution and how the events of 1848 affected the states. From the 1848 Encyclopedia.

An account of the composition of the political prisoners and exiles who were pardoned in 1846.

Article on the opening from an historian's perspective.