Explains the spirit, beginning, leaders, and the people of this revolution. From Ateneo's ThinkQuest.

The evangelization of headhunting mountain tribes, beginning in 1601, by individual Recollect missionaries, some of whom were slain. By Kenneth C. Masong

Literacy and writing among prehistoric Filipinos, by Hector Santos, known historian and expert on ancient writing.

United Nations research paper on land reform programs from 1900 through the present CARP (Comprehensive Agricultural Reform Program).

Describes the origins and history of the alibata writing system. By Victor Ganata, University of California Berkeley, 1999.

Contains pictures of this ancient Filipino script.

US Library of Congress country study of the Philippines, from pre-Hispanic times to the presidency of Corazon Aquino.

Tracing the religions of the Filipinos from the coming of the Spanish catholics and protestant Americans through the 'Aglipay' native church established after independence.

The online archival collection of George Percival Scriven, witness to the occupation of Bohol during the Philippine-American war, 1899 - 1901. From the Duke University special collections library.

Religious beliefs and cosmology of indigenous tribes of the Philippines were as varied as the tribes. by Paul Kenkai Manansala.

Biography of the unschooled leader of the 1896 revolution who taught himself the ideals of 19th century liberalism and nationalist independence.

Articles on culture, history, the Rizal-Blumentritt friendship, Austrian-Philippine relations, and picturesque old Philippines.

Written in verse by Jesse Knowles

102-year-old eyewitness interview of American incursion into Lake Lanao in Mindanao and the battle against the Maranao datus of Bayang and Binidayan, led by Sultan Pandapatan.

Veterans memorial of the World War II site, with photos and stories of personal experiences.

The development of Creole Spanish from its beginning on June 23, 1635, and the current state of the Spanish language in the Philippines.

For the past several decades, conflict groups in the Philippines have used minors in their struggle to overthrow the govt, and govt paramilitary groups to exterminate rebels. Written by Merliza Makinano of the International Labor Affairs Service.

Information on the Philippine culture before the Spanish colonization.

The story of Ignacio Paua, a Chinese migrant who fought on Emilio Aguinaldo's side in the battle of Binakayan, and was among Aguinaldo's aides to attack and arrest Andres Bonifacio, supremo of the Katipunan. By Anson T. Yu.

Stories of a young man growing up on an airbase near Manila in the Philippines. Includes the first and only World Boy Scout Jamboree to be held in the Philippines. By Terry Ballard.

Pictures from the 90 year history of Americans stationed at Clark Air Base in the Philippines.

The complete, unabridged national constitutions from 1899 to 1987 and other resources on Philippine history.

All historical aspects of Corregidor, and why two vastly different battles were fought over it. Includes numerous historic photographs, and aspects of cryptography, cartography, topography, munitions, Coast Artillery, USMC, USN, MacArthur, comprehensive Unit Histories

Compilation of islandic tales comprising the Philippines prehistoric oral tradition. By Penelope V. Flores.

The longest revolt against Spanish occupation of the Philippines and other articles on Bohol island history. By Alan Cajes

Gives a comparison of EDSA I and II, pictures, timeline, and links.

Three analyses of the May Day riot by the 'have-nots' in Manila by known Philipine writers. From the 'Focus on the Philippines' website.

Powerful day-by-day chronicle of the downfall of dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, by Angela Stuart-Santiago.

3 articles tracing the evolution of the language from pre-history through successive infusion of foreign words.

An article on how the Philippines, after more than three centuries of Spanish administration, did not need a new colonization.

Legends and old-time stories told through the ages.

Story of the the ?Ampaw Unit,? Filipino-Chinese freedom fighters against the Japanese forces in the Philippines during World War II. They fought with the famed Yay Marking?s Fil-American Guerrilla around the Greater Manila area. By Col.(Ret) Frank B. Quesada.

The story of Roman Ongpin, rebel and supporter of the Katipunan who was imprisoned by the Americans, and had a street in Manila renamed after him.

Biographies of more than 100 heroes and noted Filipinos.

Short history of Filipinos who fought the Japanese with the United States armed forces during World War II. From the Lahing Buensuceso website.

Highly personalized articles about Filipinos who migrated to America, by Nestor P. Enriquez

History, photos, stories and message boards.

Spanish account of the colonization of the islands from 1521 through 1574.

Provides a timeline of important events from prehistory to 1998, heroes both well-known and not [like Mariano Alvarez], and presidents from Emilio Aguinaldo to Joseph Estrada Ejercito.

Biography of an American missionary who continued his work after imprisonment by the Japanese during World War II.

History of the 'Igorots', their centuries-old resistance to subjugation, their civilization and ethnic origin. By Roderick N. Labrador.

From its first human occupation in 377, christianization of Datu Salangsang by a Portuguese Recollect friar in 1626, to the end of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986, the story of the land of Huluga, later renamed by the Spaniards from the Cagayan Valley. By Antonio J. Montalvan II.

Historical junctures from pre-Hispanic times to the World War II Leyte landings. By Emil B Justimbaste.

History of this city from 1572 until the 1950's.

Two narratives from Canada covering the beginnings of the archipelago all the way to the present, from Frasier Weir and from Daniel Young. Also, an account of the 85-year-long Dagohoy revolt in Bohol, by Alan Cajes.

A sweeping account of the country's past.

An American account and analysis of the peasant revolt which nearly toppled the government in 1948-1950.

Rajah Humabon massacred the men of Ferdinand Magellan after the battle of Mactan and other historical scenes re-created by Manuel Panares in his paintings of Cebu's past.

Brief biographies of Rizal, Bonifacio, Ninoy, Tandang Sora, Mabini and other luminaries from pre-colonial times to the EDSA People Power revolution.

Photos and brief history of jewelry that supposedly belonged to the former First Lady.

Comprehensive website about the national hero of the Philippines, Jose Rizal. Includes an article on the rumored relationship with a former Nazi dictator.

Debate of historians on the hero's advocacy or rejection of the 1896 revolution, reflecting the controversy plaguing Philippine history. By Floro C. Quibuyen, from Forum Online, of the University of the Philippines

Biography of Josephine Bracken, Irish wife of the national hero, Jose Rizal, who stood by his side during his execution and joined the Katipunan struggle later.

The complete text of the novel that inspired the Philippine Revolution. With both contemporary and recent criticism.

Did the national hero renounce all his writings against the friars, or not? Details of the multiple copies, doubtful document sources and vague testimonies sustain the long and still ongoing debate.

Jose Rizal, the national hero, declared his opposition to the 1896 revolution. By Charles Edward Russell and B.B. Rodriguez, published in 1923

Biography of Jose Rizal, the national hero, and his effect on the country's history, by the president of Ateneo de Naga, Raul J. Bonoan.

And other writings by the Philippine national hero, from the Cavite State University.

History of the Philippine Constabulary, from its formation in 1901 until its dissolution in 1936. By Vict Hurley.

1582 council of Jesuit, Augustinian and Dominican friars convened by the first bishop of Manila to debate Spain's right to conquer the Philippines.

Spanish colonials withheld education to keep Filipinos divided and subservient, despite 2 direct orders from Spain's king. By FPA Demeterio III, from San Beda College's Diwatao online journal.

The birth and development of the graphic art form from the 1920s and its use in government political propaganda in the 1950s and influence on other mass media, including movies and television. By Soledad Reyes.

Blessed Virgin Mary honored yearly since 1646 in gratitude for Spanish naval victories in a series of battles against invading Dutch fleets.

Filipino migration to Europe started in the 1960s and reached its peak under the 'Labor Export Policy' of President Marcos in the 1970s and early 1980s.

Biographies of prominent figures in Philippine history and cultural development.

Recounting the conspiracy, battles and betrayal of the revolution on the island of Cebu in 1898. By Emil G. Justimbaste

The liberation of the Philippines in 1944-45, a memoir by by Lt. Col. Carlos A. Keasler. Includes photos and narratives of the battle of Manila and Santo Tomas internment camp.

The 400-year flight of the hilltribes collectively called Lumads into the wilderness, and the consequent ecological destruction of the Pulangi river, the 'Rio Grande de Mindanao' of Spanish annals.

Biography of Apolinario Mabini, the sublime paralytic and Brains of the Revolution.

Detailed biography of the great hero who originally refused to support the revolution but changed his mind when Jose Rizal was executed. By Alexander Martin.

Long after the last of Gen. Aguinaldo's men surrendered to the Americans, independent armies continued their fight for independence. One of these was led by Macario Sakay. From Hector Santos' Philippine Centennial Series.

Gen Douglas MacArthur?s battle against the invading Japanese. First-person accounts by the few men who were there at the time. From the Public Broadcasting System's American Experience series.

History of Kala Sungay, the capital of the Bukidnons, massacred and burned by the Spaniards in 1850. Survivors rebuilt their Sacub river village under Datu Mampa Along, and finally submitted to Spanish rule in 1877.

Her father, Jose Dizon, was one of the 13 Cavite martyrs executed by the Spaniards in 1897. Like her cousin, Emilio Jacinto, she joined the Katipunan in 1893 and engaged in revolutionary activities all her life. By Lilia Quindoza Santiago.

From Magellan's bible and Pigafetta's diary of 1521, the history of publication and communication in the islands from the Spanish era to the People's Revolution of 1986. From the Finland embassy webpage.

Race riots, discrimination, and other events experienced by Filipinos in the United States. Also, articles on the 1896 revolution and the 1899 Philippine-American War.

Scion of prominent Manila family, this friend and ally of Jose Rizal defiantly walked to his execution for complicity in the agitation against Spanish rule in the Philippines. The Guipit elementary school was renamed for him in 1936.

Province was created in 1705 as a military district, named after the Spanish governor's native town in Andalucia, Spain, from parts of the neighboring provinces of Pampanga, Tayabas (Quezon) and Isabela.

From prehistory to their assimilation into the Republic, the story of the tribal peoples of northern Luzon, by Micheal Predmore, a former Peace Corp volunteer, 1983-1987

Advocates that Visayans descended from the Sri Vishayan empire of Sumatra, and the Mindanao Moros were warriors of the Madjapahit Empire of Java, from the Visayan Voice.

Browse hundreds of digital photographs taken at the turn of the 20th century, from the University of Michigan Special Collections Library.

Macario Sakay, July 4 the real independence day, and other historical articles by the Philippine History Group of Los Angeles, edited by Hector Santos

The Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War and their impact on politics and culture. Articles on Filipinos in America. Edited by Jim Zwick.

Filipino historians dispute June 12 as independence day, the design of the national flag based on the Spanish martial law proclamation and other controversial issues. By Aurelio C. Reyes.

Biographies of each president, from Emilio Aguinaldo to Joseph Ejercito Estrada.

The Philippines was not far behind other countries of the world when the Spaniards began colonization in the 16th century. by Paul Kenkai Manansala

Summary of the Philippine-American War (1899-1902), from Veltisezar Bautista's book, The Filipino American.

Rebellions, wars and insurgencies in the Philippines since 1898. Expanded timeline from the noted PBS Frontline series.

Filipinos were part of the ancient empire of Sri Vijaya and took part in the battle for Malacca against the Portuguese in 1511-1512.

Album of 80 photographs of Filipino prisoners of Bilibid Prison in 1903, prepared by Daniel Folkmar as part of a study of Philippine racial types exhibited at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Jesuit friar Jose S. Arcilla's incisive analysis of the state of the study of history and its vital role, from Jose Rizal on, on past and current life in the Philippines.

Daniel B. Schirmer's history of the Anti-Imperialist League's opposition to the Philippine-American War, with a preface by Howard Zinn.

A very detailed biography of the national hero, especially of his childhood years, including his first confrontation of death. Written by the Asst professor of Oriental History in the University of the Philippines in 1913.

Articles on pre-Hispanic times, ancient baybayin writing, and language. Also with free fonts and celebrity pictures.

Rise of anti-imperialism in the United States in 1901, led by well-known author Mark Twain, in reaction to the conquest of the Philippines.

Source documents of the early years of Spanish colonization. Also, documents on the church-state stormy relationship during the Spanish era.

The reknowned history of the early years of the Spanish colony in the Philippines written in 1609, annotated by Jose Rizal in 1890 and published in 1907. From the Nalanda Digital Library Etext Conversion Project.

The Story of the Moros and American pacification campaigns in Mindanao, Sulu and other islands of southern Philippines, with a description of the peoples and speculates upon their undocumented and then largely unexplored origins. By Vic Hurley, 1936

In the days of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the Augustinian friars kept trying to ship the image of the Sto Nino to Manila, but the statue kept returning to Cebu. By Erma M. Cuizon.

The Los Banos raid - 6 Filipino guerrilla units help liberate prisoners in the Japanese prison camp, with the help of the 11th US Airborne Division.

Local history and cultural evolution in Tarlac, a collection of articles by Lino L. Dizon in the Center for Tarlac Studies.

Evolution of the village leaders in Bicol during the American occupation of the region, 1900 - 1946.

Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the death of General Antonio Luna, Filipino collaborators helped the Americans set up the occupation of the Philippines, and other stories of the Philippines' history.

The complete text of out-of-print 1870 description of the then Spanish colony of the Philippines. An exceptional travelogue by a Prussian (Germany) naturalist, including the customs and appearance of the inhabitants at that time.

In 1572, the Spanish explorer Juan de Salcedo became the first European to visit Casiguran, Baler and Infanta in the region that would be known as Aurora, Philippines.

The campaign against the Japanese occupation army during World War II starting with General Douglas MacArthur's landing at Leyte on Oct 20, 1944. By Martin K. Gordon.

Experience in the decades-old 'Indian Wars' in the American west served the US Army veterans well in the war against Philippine irregulars in the 1899-1902 war. By John M. Gates.

GOMBURZA, the Tausug Resistance and other narratives published to celebrate the 1998 centennial anniversary, by MSC Communications.

Portraits and biographies of the 14 Presidents, from Emilio Aguinaldo to Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Includes day-by-day record of Joseph Ejercito Estrada's impeachment.

From the Encyclopedia of World History, chronicle of events in the first 300 years of the Philippines written history.

Impact of the introduction of alien religions on pre-historic animism and ancestor worship, and the interplay of homegrown and foreign religions to the present day. By Jack Miller.

3 small groups of Spanish specialists on Philippine history research archives in Cordoba, Madrid and Barcelona. By Florentino Danao, from the International Institute for Asian Studies, Leiden and Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Excerpts from "The Aquinos of Tarlac" by noted author Nick Joaquin, of the Tagalog and Kapampangan revolution against the Spaniards and their war against the American invasion.

Narrative of the American teachers who started public education in 1901 and made the Philippines the most literate country in southeast Asia. A centennial commemorative project.

Diatribe against the displacement of Spanish as lingua franca of the islands by the Thomasite teachers from the United States in the beginning of the 20th century. By Guillermo Gomez Rivera.

Biography of Manuel Tinio, the youngest general of the 1896 Revolution.

Timeline and account of the Philippines from 30,000 BC to Abu Sayyaf in 2002, by Gunter Schwarz and Rosalinda Morgado-Schwarz.

From 1763, when Filipinos introduced commercial drying of shrimps in New Orleans, to the third wave of immigration still continuing. In ?Filipino Americans? by Marina Claudio-Perez

Chronology of Philippine events from pre-historic times until 1990. By the Victoria University history students in Wellington, New Zealand.

Includes rare photos, poems, and articles.

19th and 20th century articles and photos from the Bentley Historical Collection of the University of Michigan.

Named after a yam, 'bigaa', the city on an island has existed continuously and prospered since its founding in 1572 as Ciudad Fernandina in honor of the son of King Philip of Spain.

Leyte and Samar were natural harbors for ancient seafarers, including Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1583 and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1564. From Seasite, Northern Illinois University.

Where the Philippines, Pinoy, and Flip got their names. Other articles on History 101.