Islamic term meaning the community of learned men. Designates people with religious education and related professions.

Egyptian singer and musician. She recorded over 300 songs, worked with composers, recited classical poetry, and made a few musical films. Includes biography. (1904-1975).

Denotation for the community of Muslims, that is, the totality of all Muslims.

Caliph dynasty reigning from 661 to 750, located most of the time in Damascus, Syria. Most noted for the buildings they erected, such as the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem (690s) and the Ummawiyy Mosque in Damascus (705).