Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples.

Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming languages.

Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.

The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would be advantageous.

List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different languages.

Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages.

Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of "Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.

Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95 than to C++, syntax notwithstanding.

Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented, dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.

By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80 implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]

Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade.

Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include: multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several code examples.

Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables, code, resources.

A critical view on the C++ and C programming language.

Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs.

Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.

Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.

Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied from comp.lang.tcl.

Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short.

Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP, performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]

By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]

Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.

Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.

Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.

Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]

Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL (Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it. Several sections, tables, appendixes.

The files at this site compare programming language statements in several different languages tracing the statement from early languages to present languages.

By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python post.

Article by Sergey Polak. Review and comparison programming languages in search expressive, extensible, readable, safe, portable language.

A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.

Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98 dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS.

Table compares traits of DreamMaker, C/C++, Java/C#, Visual Basic, Assembly.

Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth (gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike, Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.

By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]

Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997, originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples.

Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996, many references.

Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with examples.

Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.

By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison applet.

This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats.

Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.

Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications.

Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives to Microsoft.

Growing table compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, Delphi, Python, Perl, Eiffel, Sather, Smalltalk, Lisp/CLOS, Ada. Many clarifying comments below. [Wiki4D, Open Content]

Compares VisualGen, Smalltalk, C++/Java, ANSI COBOL 85.

Compares the performance of the Intel Fortran, Intel C++, gcc, and IBM, Sun and Gnu Java compilers on an Intel Linux platform.

Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.

Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1, Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.

Table-based comparison of 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to suggest where Eiffel is better.

Compares Objective-C, SmallTalk-80, C++, Eiffel.

Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd, NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.

Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity, future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]

Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript, PHP.

Benchmark of the same program in some recent languages aims to support language choice decision for implementing computation-intensive web apps.

Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.

Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl, Visual Basic.

Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)

By Jim Basney. May 1995.

Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.

By Capers Jones, Chairman, Software Productivity Research, Inc. Huge table of function point evaluation values (how many code lines needed for a task) compares 500 languages, dialects, and/or implementations.

Many links to comparisons involving Python.

Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike, Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx versions).

Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer. [CrossTalk]

TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java, Objective-C, Smalltalk.

Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.

A comparison of Java and Smalltalk. By Rodney Bates.

Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.

General feature comparisons, explanations.

A comparison of scripting language approaches in various categories. Pros and cons are given for each feature variation.

Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.

Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic.

A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.

Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules, understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2, IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5.

Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling.

A collection of banchmarks performed on 24 different languages. Includes a tool to grade languages depending on how well they did on tests that matter for you.

Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60 languages.

ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.

By Tim Peters.

By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic, Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.

Monthly updated index that gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages.

Brief comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation), Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.

Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links. [Open Content]

Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.

Visual Basic, VB.Net critiques in comparison with Delphi and C#.

Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP (JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.

Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]

Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative. Descriptions, code samples, links.

Explains why Fortran is a better language than C.

Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C

Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs.