Alternating Current
Akowa Co.,Ltd., Alessi, ASEA Power Systems, Backup Electric Systems, Buffington Electrical, Claude Lyons Limited, Coleman Power Inverters, DC AC Power Inverters, Diamond H Company, llc,, DonRowe.com
Batteries
Alkaline, Battery Packs, Chargers, Lead-Acid, Lithium, Nickel Cadmium, Rechargeable, Testers, Able New Energy, Acme Model Engineering Co., Alexander Technologies, Alliance Int'l Electronics Ltd, Alpha-Cells, American Battery Company, Anaska Battery Technology, Arden Marketing and Services, Asisco Battery Company, ATC Batteries Industry Co Ltd
Customized Power Supplies
Alfatronix LTD, Craftsmans Electric, Davtrend Electronic Engineers, ECU Electronics Industrial Co. Ltd., Enertron s.l., Enoch Corporation, Ensign Power Systems, Inc., Fug Elektronik, Gaïa Converter, General Atomics Energy Products
Direct Current
Acon, Inc, AEI Electech Corporation, Alcatel Converters, Aldonex, Inc., Amrel, Argantix, Asner Electronic Co., Ltd., Astec, Ault Incorporated, Autec Power Systems
Engineering
Cell Expert, MLE Power Supply Design UK, Powersmith Consulting, Reactive Power Solutions, LLC, Steve Jensen Consultants, Inc.
High Voltage
Components, Acopian High Voltage List, Advanced Conversion Technology Inc., American High Voltage, Applied Kilovolts, Bertan High Voltage Power Supplies, Brandenburg HV Power Supplies, Computer Power Supply, Inc., Del Power Conversion Group, Directed Energy, Inc., Diversified Technologies, Inc.
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Engineering, 24/7 Technology Inc., Advanced Power Technology, AEC, Always On UPS Systems, American Advanced Power, Inc, American Micronic Instruments, Inc, American Power Conversion Corp., AMETEK Solidstate Controls, Amsdell Inc., Apollo Power Technology Co., Ltd.
AAK Corporation
Manufacturer of DC power supplies, DC/AC and AC/AC converters, constant current sources, and similar products.
AC Power Corp.
Manufacturer of automatic voltage regulator, UPS , AC power source, frequency converter and power line conditioners.
Acopian Power Supplies
Manufacturer of single, dual, triple and wide adjust output AC-DC power supplies, DC-DC converters, high voltage power supplies, power systems, and redundant power packages.
Advanced Electronic Supply
Manufacturer of switching power supplies, AC to DC converters, battery chargers, and rectifiers.
Advanced Power Conversion PLC
Manufactures high power density AC/DC bulk power units and DC-DC converters.
AEES
Full range of thyristor chargers, switch mode rectifiers, inverters, dc-dc converters, UPS single and 3 phases up to 40 kVA, voltage stabilizers up to 700 kVA.
Amtex Electronics
Manufacturer of AC/DC power supplies, DC/DC converters, power inverters and battery chargers.
Analytic Systems
Manufacturer of AC and DC power supplies, DC to AC inverters, DC to DC voltage converters, and battery chargers for multiple applications.
Anoma Electric Company, Ltd.
Manufacturer of AC and DC adapters, lithium ion battery chargers, switching power supplies and transformers.
Arnatronic
Manufacturer of standard and custom stabilized DC and AC power supplies, battery chargers, converters, and specialized function cards.
Ascom Energy Systems
Custom designed AC/DC, DC/DC converters, inverters, power supplies, and power systems.
Aseem Power Tekneeks Pvt. Ltd.
Manufacture of ups systems, inverters, converters, constant voltage transformers. From India.
Asian Converter Technology GmbH
Manufacturer of power supplies based in Germany with manufacturing in Asia.
Astron Corporation
Provider of power supplies, converters, inverters and chargers.
Ault Korea Corporation
Manufacturer of SMPS, DC-DC converter, AC-DC adapter, linear transformer, battery charger for medical equipment.
Behlman Electronics
Manufacturer of AC and DC power supplies, inverters, converters, UPSs and line conditioners.
Bellus Power
Supplier of a wide range of power supplies including : open frame power supplies, wall mount adapters, enclosed power supplies, DC/DC Converters. Feature include: switch mode, linear, universal input, power factor correction, PFC.
Benbro Electronics, Inc.
Design and manufacture electronic equipment including commercial public address amplifiers, power supplies and DC/DC converters. Online line card and product specifications.
Beta Dyne Inc
Power converters and inverters, DC/DC converters, isolation-amplifiers. Application areas include telecom, computer and instrumentation.
Block GmbH
Manufacture of transformers, chokes, power supplies and EMC filters for industrial machinery, telecommunication, computer, medical systems. US Office.
Blue Iron
Manufacturers of AC/DC adapters, regular adapters, CCEE linear adapters and switching mode adapters.
Board-Tech Electronic Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of power adapters, wall switch, wall receptacle, heat sink, fan cover and cooling fan motor.
Broadband TelCom Power, Inc (BTC Power)
Manufacturer of power supplies and converters.
Bussan Co. Bulgaria
Produce rectifiers, inverters, welding machines, charge devices and another power supplies.
C & C Power Inc.
Manufacturer of custom DC power products and complete turnkey power systems for the telecommunications marketplace.
California Instrument
Manufacturer of frequency converters and programmable AC and DC power sources for avionics, shipboard, defense, commercial, and test applications.
CE+T Digital Power Solutions
Belgium based company specialized in DC/DC conversion, DC/AC conversion and AC power solutions including standalone and parallel inverters.
Chi Sam Electronic Enterprise Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of DC to AC inverters, AC to DC adapters, SMD transformers, and power inductors.
Clairtronic Ltd
Supplies mains transformers and AC/DC adaptors. Online line card includes photographs and specifications.
Compact Power Company
Manufacture of Titan series precision, adjustable, A.C. output power supplies and frequency converters.
Condor DC Power Supplies, Inc.
Manufacturer of power supplies for medical, communications and industrial electronic OEMs. Online line card, model number search, specifications and PDF data sheet and safety certificate available for download.
Conversion Devices, Inc
Manufacturer of power supplies for medical applications with output ratings from 100 to 6000 watts. Online line card and data sheets.
Cosel Asia Ltd.
Supplier of switch mode power supplies. A subsidiary of Cosel Japan.
Cotek Electronic Ind. Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of switching power supply, DC/AC pure sine wave power inverter, battery charger, CCFL inverter.
Crotech Instruments
Manufacturer of power supplies. AC to DC, bench power supplies, high current and voltage, DC to AC inverters, frequency converters, voltage regulators, UPS systems.
Deep Electronic Co., Ltd.
Main product: switching power supplies for PCs, open frame power, switching adapters, redundant power supplies.
DEHNER Elektronik Power Supply GmbH
Distributor of switching power supplies in Germany.
Delta Electronics
Switching power supply manufacturer and a major supplier of video displays and electronic components .
DR Tecnologie
A specialized manufacturer of electric energy conversion apparatus. Products include UPS, AC/DC power supply DC/AC inverters and DC/DC converters. Target markets are telecom, refineries, and railways.
Drake Power Systems
Suppliers of AC/DC Power Supply systems and Transformers to customer specifications complete with technical support staff for world-wide response.
Dubas Engineering
Manufacturer of uninterruptible power supplies, battery chargers, servo controlled voltage stabilizers and frequency converters.
EA Elektro Automatik
Manufacturer of power supplies for industry, laboratories and telecom applications.
Ecopac Power Ltd.
UK supplier of switch mode power supplies and dc-dc converters.
Elgar Corporation
Programmable AC power sources for benchtop and automated test equipment applications to meet commercial, industrial, and military requirements.
Elpac Electronics, Inc
Manufactures external power supplies, AC adapters, and docking stations for portable electronic devices.
EMS (Manufacturing) Ltd
Manufacturers of power supplies and battery chargers. Large product range or custom design. Contract manufacturing undertaken.
Espey Mfg. and Electronics Corp.
Designer and manufacturer of custom magnetic components and power supplies for both military and industrial applications. (AMEX:ESP).
ET Power Supplies
Specialists in electronic loads ac power supplies dc sources high voltage power supplies
Ever-Glow Electronic Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of power adapters, transformers, battery chargers, and related accessories.
Expert Auto Electric
Manufacture products designed for mobile industrial, fire, emergency, bus, coach, and recreation vehicles. Products include inverters, battery chargers and generators .
Ferrus Power Ltd.
UK manufacturer of custom and standard switchmode power supplies.Any brand repair service - free quote.
Fortron/Source Corporation
Manufacturer of power supplies for commercial and industrial applications. ISO9001 certified facilities in China produce industry standard and custom made power supplies for use worldwide.
Friwo North America, Inc.
Manufacturer of wall and desktop power supplies and battery chargers.
Galaxy Group
Manufacturer of power electronics products consisting ups systems, battery chargers, voltage stabalisers and solar inverters.
Gamatronic
Manufacturer of power electronic equipment providing a complete solution for power conditioning. UPS, voltage stabilizers, inverters and rectifiers.
Gammatron Pty. Ltd.
Design and manufacture of battery chargers, transformers, power supplies, instrumentation, sensing and diesel engine related products.
GKB Electronics Ltd.
Power supply repairs, upgrades, retrofits from 500W to 25kW.
Global Yeou Diann Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer AC/AC, AC/DC adapter, class 2 power transformer, battery charger and switching power supply.
GlobTek, Inc.
Manufacturer of AC and DC power supplies including linear, switching, open frame, and custom designs.
Glory Power Tech Co. Ltd.
Manufacturer of switch power supply, AC-DC switch power supplies, DC-DC converters and battery chargers.
Grandview Electronic Co Ltd
Product range includes DC power supply, power adapter, converter, inverter, audio product, video product, digital scale, rechargeable battery, cooling fan, and cable.
Hon-Kwang Electric Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer and designer of power supplies, adaptors, chargers and transformers. From Taiwan.
HS Elektronik Systeme GmbH
Manufactures solid state relays, solid state power controllers, dc/dc converters, solid state power distribution modules and other special modules primarily for the aerospace industry.
Ilan Tech USA, Inc,
Manufacturer of AC/DC power supplies, power adapters, converters, inverters and custom power supplies.
Interpoint
Manufacturer of high-reliability microelectronic power conversion products and custom hybrids.
Inverter Supply Company
Inverter sales and technical support for mobile, remote, residential and commercial DC to AC inverter based power systems. From US.
IREM S.p.a.
Manufactures power conditioners, automatic voltage regulators and UPS and micro hydroelectric power plants. From Italy.
Istep Company
Design and manufacture of power supply modules for space industry, aircrafts and industrial applications.
iTest
Makes a modular test system whose primary application is to generate high quality supplies for test benches. From France.
JAS Technologies Ltd.
Manufacturer of DC and AC conversion equipment and components for mobile power solutions and other specialist electronic applications.
Jerome Industries
Manufactures external power supplies (power adapters) and battery chargers, for the medical and industrial OEM market.
Jesagi Hankook Ltd.
Designer and manufacturer of pulse and dc power systems. Product data and specifications available in pdf format .
Jiming Power
Taiwan ac adaptor manufacturer, exporter. Manufacturer of AC adaptors, transformers, power supply, battery chargers. Customer designs are welcome.
K. R. Dee Electric
Design and manufacture inverters for businesses, homeowners, and the leisure industry.
Kay Industries
Manufacturer of Phasemaster single phase to three phase, phase converters.
Lambda Electronics, Inc (An Invensys Company)
Manufacturers of AC/DC and DC/DC power supplies, rectifiers, DIN-Rail mounted power, and custom or modular power supplies.
Leader Electronics Inc.
Manufacturer of switching and linear power supplies, adapters, transformers, SPS, USPS, chokes, coils, ferrite core, battery charger and travel charger. From Taiwan.
Ling Luh Electronics Co., Ltd.
An OEM manufacturer in Taiwan making transformers, AC/DC adaptors, power supply and chargers.
Lite-On Power
Manufacture AC/DC and DC/DC power supply units, switch mode power supplies and custom power supplies.
Magnetek Power Electronics Group
Manufacture of custom and standard power supplies.
Manby Park Westropp
Designers, manufacturers and importers of power supplies, transformers, mains adaptors and battery chargers.
Manson Engineering Industrial Ltd.
Designs and manufactures linear and switching power supplies, dc-dc converters, dc-ac inverters and lead acid battery chargers.
Martek Power
Manufactures AC to DC power supplies, DC to DC converters and DC to AC inverters.
Mascot AS
Manufacturer of power supplies producing a range of more than 100 different types of power supply.
MGV Products
Manufacturer of AC/DC switching power supplies and DC/DC converters rack mounting.
Micrin Technologies Corporation
Design and manufacture a line of power distribution and supply equipment for the wireless telecom industry.
MicroPower Direct
Offers full line of low cost power conversion products. Standard off-the-shelf, modified and custom units offered.
MIL Electronics Home Page
Manufactures High Voltage: (to 2000V), Medium Voltage: (to 100V) and low voltage/ low emi, DC to DC and AC to DC, power supplies for use in scientific apparatus.
Millennium Tech Intl Inc.
Manufacturers UPS systems, dc-dc converters, pfc converters, power line conditioners, active power filters and battery chargers.
Milpower
Develops and manufactures power supplies and custom RF power amplifiers for commercial, military and space-borne communication applications. Design, manufacturing, and test capabilities.
Milpower Source
Military, avionics, naval, space, telecom, ruggedized power sources and uninterruptible power supplies.
Morven Electronics
Manufacturer of AC-DC power supplies, DC-DC converters, custom power supplies, power systems.
Munk, GmbH
Manufacturer of power converter systems and rectifiers and control systems for multiple applications.
National Controlling Equipment Industries
Manufacturers of power supplies, and converters, power conditioning equipment, ups, isolation transformers and servo stablizers, under the PowerGuard brand name. From India.
National Dynamic Electronics
Research, development and manufacture of industrial and commercial electronic power supplies, inverters, converters, regulated battery chargers and other low power apparatus. Custom engineered projects are also catered for.
Neuron Electronics Co.,Ltd.
Manufacturer AC-AC converters, DC-DC converters, battery charger, DC power supplies, DC-AC inverters and electronic ballasts.
Newmar
Manufacturer of battery chargers, power supplies and converters, electrical panels and accessories for communication, navigation and industrial applications . Product features and specifications.
Nippon India
smps, pid, controller, power, supply, solid, state, relay, pid controller, power supply, solid state relay, scanner temperature, energy management, temperature controller, soldering iron, exporter, trade, marketing from india.
Nucon GbR
Designer of ballasts for automotive HID xenon light and DC-DC converters.
Nutech Industries, Inc.
An electrical manufacturing firm which has developed new electrical products for portable temporary power distribution.
Onstate Technologies
Manufactures power electronic products for hobbyists and recreational users including voltage regulators, linear DC regulators, DC-DC converters and battery chargers.
Optimum Power
Design development of critical power systems and precision a/c systems . The company also distribute generators, UPS, batteries , harmonic, switchgear, and monitoring equipment. Includes a power quality tutorial .
Oxwise Limited
Promotional site offering RF power generators and matching networks within the UK. Vacuum metalisers are offered to automotive headlamp manufacturers. Links are provided to original manufacturer's. Supporting technical information shown.
Pan Yes Electronics Co., Ltd.
Manufacture of switching power supply, industrial switching power supplies.
Phoenix Contact AB
Manufacturer of power supplies, plc-system cabelling, terminal blocks, signal conditioning, overvoltage protection, process-interface, interbus, fieldbuss equipment, and fiber optics .
PICO Electronics, Inc.
Manufactures and sells transformers, inductors, DC-DC converters and AC-DC power supplies. Online line card, specifications and purchasing.
Pioneer Magnetics
Manufacturer of switching power supplies, ac/dc converters, power converters and power regulators.
Popbridge Industrial Limited
Designer and manufacturer of switching mode power supplies
Potrans Electrical Corporation, Ltd.
Manufacture of power supply products ranging from 1 VA to 1000 VA.
Power Bright Inverters
Manufactures 12 and 24 volt DC to AC modified and pure sine wave power inverters, transformers and adapters. Facilities in USA and Canada.
Power Conversion Technologies, Inc.
Provides power electronic solutions through the design and manufacture of linear power supplies to 15MW, switching power supplies to 100KW, inverters, converters and other products employing PWM, IGBT based technologies and DSP control.
Power Conversions Pty Ltd
Manufacturers of industrial DC-AC sinewave inverters and DC-DC converters and associated power control equipment.
Power Guide Marketing
Power systems, technical sales and support. Power supplies, DC/DC converters, transformers, batteries and charging systems, cable assemblies, fiber optics, medical.
Power Pax
Manufacturer of switch mode and linear power supplies and transformers.
Power Solutions
A distributor for power supplies, packaging, and cooling.
Powerbox
Manufacturer of power supplies offering custom design solutions as well as standard products.
PowerStream Technology
Design and manufacture of power supplies, battery charger, UPS and battery packs. Offers compliance testing services.
Powervar
Manufactures power conditioning products for computers, electronic instruments and medical equipment. Online line card, specifications and PDF data sheets available for download.
Primax Technologies Inc.
Manufacturer of industrial rectifiers, battery chargers, DC UPS, DC-DC converters and power supplies.
PRO Regulator
Voltage regulator repair and services of models of Basler, Delco, EM, and GE.
Pulse Sciences Division of Titan
Manufacturers pulse power products for government and commercial institutions.
R - Vionics
Manufacture switching mode power supplies, dc - dc converters and battery chargers.
RAM Technologies
Manufactures medical grade power supplies from 40 watts to 400 watts.
Redline Technologies
Manufacturer of high power DC and pulsed power supplies for laser, EDM, plasma and other applications. From Germany.
Reich Associates, Inc.
Electronics manufacturing, radio communications equipment, relm, computer systems, specializing in high voltage power supply design and manufacturing.
Rltech INC.
Switching power supply, DC/DC converters, AC/DC converters open frame, U channel, redundant, battery charger, power supply.
Rompower
R and D facility and manufacturer of custom switch mode power supplies. DC-DC solutions for automotive, commercial, industrial, and military requirements.
Ron Ger Electric Co., Ltd
Manufacture of plug-in transformer and ac-dc adaptors. From Taiwan and China.
RSI Power, Inc.
Distributors of power products from Mean Well, ETA-USA, Cosel and Power Mate.
SAFCO Corporation
Manufacture electronic battery chargers, power supplies, and custom designed adapters and standard 12 volt cigarette lighter products for cellular and PCS phones, compact disc players and 12 volt TVs.
Safety Power Power Products Online Catalogue
Distributor for a wide range of power products.
Samlex America Inc.
Manufacture and distribute power supply products. Products include dc power supplies, inverters, converters, and battery chargers. Product applications, design features and specifications.
Schock Power Corporation
Produces switch mode power supplies, DC-DC converters and fast battery charging systems for use in complex electronic instruments, measuring and control systems and battery powered equipment.
Seform Electronics Co., Ltd.
Maunfacture of switching power supply, linear adaptor and dc-dc car converter. From Taiwan.
Setnic Co
A manufacturer switch mode rectifier and chargers, DC to DC converter for communication applications, online and offline UPS,
Shun Shing Standard Corporation
Manufacturer of power supply products including switching power supply and AC power adaptor.
Sincho Electric Co., Ltd
Power regulators, AC to AC and AC to DC, regulated or unregulated, linear and switching power adapter. From Taiwan.
Sinetech
UPS,uninterruptible power supplies,general power protection,power supplies,battery chargers,DC-DC converters,sinewave and squarewave inverters,lightning protection devices,data and power protection devices,general power conversion products.
SLAT
European Power Supply Manufacturer for rectifiers, battery chargers, DC/DC converters and inverters for protection of high and low power electricity systems.
Slat
European manufacturer of power supplies and surge suppressors for the telecom, fire detection, security, and access control industries.
SmartParts
Producer of instrument power supplies, transducers and signal conditioning devices for the control system industry.
Sola/Hevi-Duty Electric
Manufacturers of power protection, conversion, and transformer products. Product catalog, distributor resources, specials, FAQs, downloads, and contact details.
Something High Electric Co., Ltd.
Manufacturers AC/DC, DC/DC swithcing power supplies, adaptors, Chargers.
SPS Smart Power Systems
Manufacturer of Switching Power Supplies, DC/DC Converters, Adaptors, UPS.
Statronics Power Supplies
Design, manufacture, sales and distribution of power supplies and associated power conversion products.
Stontronics
Manufacturers of transformers, power supplies and battery chargers. From UK.
Sunpower (UK) Ltd
Manufacture, design and distibute a range of switched mode and linear power supplies starting at 8 watts and going through to 2000 watts. Also offer battery chargers and larger industrial power supplies for hot swap & redundant applications.
Sunpower Technology Corp.
Manufacturer of switching power supplies. From Taiwan.
Sunpower USA
An OEM power supply designer of redundant fault tolerant, enclosed, and industrial power supplies.
Switching Power Inc.
Manufactures standard/custom switching power supplies for high reliability applications and turn-key chassis hot swap solutions.
Tai Chyang Electric Eng Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of power supply, rectifier, transformer, scr rectifier, high frequency rectifier, pulse power supply, pulse-reverse power supply, transistor rectifier.
Tailing Power Supply Limited
Manufacturer of switching power adaptors, telephone couple transformers, power transformer, switching mode transformer, flyback transformers, voltage coverters, chargers, outdoor AC adaptor, EMI line filter, inductors.
Tamura
Designer and manufacturer of power conversion and magnetic products specializing in power supplies as well as power and audio transformers.
Tascom International Ltd
Design and manufacture of power supplies for industrial and military applications.
The Efore Group
Designs, markets, and manufactures power electronics for telecommunications and industrial companies.
Total Power Electronics Incorporation
Manufacturer of switching power supplies, CCFL driving inverters, EL driving inverters, DC/DC converters and AC/DC adapters.
Tracewell Power, Inc.
Manufactures power supplies ranging from 200 watts to 2000 watts, dc-dc converters for military, telecom, test and measurement and medical industries.
Tri-Mag, Inc.
SMPS, DC-DC converters, EMI/RFI filters, and industrial PC chassis.
Tumbler Technologies
AC/DC power supplies, DC/DC converters, and DC/AC power inverters. Commercial and medical grades; standard and custom products.
Tundra International
Manufacture of power inverters for road vehicle and water craft markets from 300 watts to 5000 watts.
Ultra Level Tech. Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of switch mode power supply, DC-DC converter, AC-DC switching power supply, PFC, rack mount and redundant power share.
UMEC Elektronische Komponenten GmbH
Manufacturers and suppliers of magnetic components, power supplies and printed circuit board assemblies.
Unifive Technology Co., Ltd.
Manufacturer of switching AC adaptor, switching power supply, mosquito repelling bulb, shoes cleaner, battery and air cleaner.
V-Infinity LLC,
Specializing in DC-DC converters and AC-DC power supplies in open PCB, metal enclosed, and u-frame models.
Vaasa Control Ltd.
Manufacturers frequency converters operate motor drives for industry, ships, trains and buildings anywhere in the world.
Vanner Power Group
Designers, manufacturers, and distributors of power conversion and battery monitor products.
Vector Manufacturing Ltd
Manufactures power inverters, portable jumpstarters and hand held lighting for the RV and marine aftermarket.
Vicor Corp.
Power supply manufacturer offering DC-DC converters, AC-DC power supplies, power modules, and military power solutions.
Victron Energy BV
Dutch manufacturer of inverters and chargers and solar applications.
Voltage Converters Division of Export Depot
Selling transformers from 110 volt to 220 volt, voltage converters, AC-DC power inverters, voltage regulators and plug adapters for use overseas. Offers online sales.
Wall Industries, Inc.
Designer and manufacturer of DC/DC converters and AC/DC power supplies.
Warner Power
Design, engineer and manufacture customized industrial power conversion systems, including power supplies, power centers, transformers, chokes and reactors for industry.
Watford Control
Manufacture voltage control and power supply products including AC voltage stabilisers, power conditioners, transverse and common mode interference suppressers. From UK.
Wilmore Electronics Co., Inc.
Manufactures solid-state power conversion equipment, includes dc-dc converters, dc-ac inverters and UPSs.
World Power Components
Provides power supplies, transformers, converters, and filters.
Xantrex Technology, Inc.
A power supply manufacturer. Employ zero voltage crossing, or soft switching technology that dramatically improves efficiency and virtually eliminates switching transients in DC power supplies.
Yu Ming Hsing Ji Yien Co.,Ltd
Manufacturers ac adaptors, battery charger, switching power and regulated power supply.
ZZAP Elektronik d.o.o.
Develop and manufacture power supplies, frequency converters, radio frequency readers.